{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:18:32Z","timestamp":1788218312079,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311969\/2025-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311969\/2025-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Funda??o Arauc?ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.886978\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.886978\/2023-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FINEP-CONV.01.22.0212.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FINEP-CONV.01.22.0212.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To ensure the safety of PVDF in biomedical applications, biocompatibility tests must be performed after each manufacturing process, as these can alter the material\u2019s properties, even if it is inherently biocompatible. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility of pure PVDF and PVDF enriched with hydroxyapatite (HAp) in the subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats and to characterize the crystalline structures of the materials. Subcutaneous implants of PVDF and PVDF-HAp were performed in Wistar rats. Tissue response was evaluated histologically using scoring at 7, 15, and 30 days, according to ISO 10993-6:2016. The crystalline structure of PVDF, HAp, and PVDF-HAp was analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis was conducted to further investigate the crystalline structure. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of the \u03b1 and \u03b2 phases of PVDF and indicated good interaction between PVDF and HAp in the composite. The FTIR results also demonstrate that the \u03b2 polar phase is predominant in printed samples. Both materials demonstrated biotolerance, as defined by the ISO standard, inducing only a mild inflammatory reaction. Based on the results, it is concluded that PVDF and the composite with HAp were biotolerable. The study demonstrates a biocompatible baseline, representing a mandatory preliminary step for future orthotopic bone evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c12754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:03:20Z","timestamp":1785859400000},"page":"48939-48949","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Methodological\nApproach to Assessing Biocompatibility:\n3D Printing and Subcutaneous Implantation in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-2537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lediane","family":"Pedroso Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Maringa\u0301 (UEM) , , 5790 Colombo Avenue, Block H79 , , ,","place":["Maringa\u0301, Parana\u0301, Brazil, 87020-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9997-9834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tais da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Maringa\u0301 (UEM) , , 5790 Colombo Avenue, Block H79 , , ,","place":["Maringa\u0301, Parana\u0301, Brazil, 87020-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8798-7554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taiana Gabriela","family":"Moretti Bonadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO) , , 838 E\u0301lio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Lane, Vila Carli Neighborhood, CEDETEG Campus , , ,","place":["Guarapuava, Parana\u0301, Brazil, 85040-167"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miria\u0303","family":"Andrade de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO) , , 838 E\u0301lio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Lane, Vila Carli Neighborhood, CEDETEG Campus , , ,","place":["Guarapuava, Parana\u0301, Brazil, 85040-167"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-2945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karina Midori","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO) , , 838 E\u0301lio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Lane, Vila Carli Neighborhood, CEDETEG Campus , , ,","place":["Guarapuava, Parana\u0301, Brazil, 85040-167"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4284-4394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luzmarina","family":"Hernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Maringa\u0301 (UEM) , , 5790, Room 108, Colombo Avenue, Block H79 , , ,","place":["Maringa\u0301, Parana\u0301, Brazil, 87020-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026083119114044300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A2200403","article-title":"Biomaterial Types,\nProperties, Medical Applications, and Other Factors: A Recent Review","volume":"24","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ., Sci., A"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-1","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-5187-4ch1","article-title":"The Concept and Manufacture of a\nNew Generation of Biomaterials Based on Global Healthcare Needs","volume":"1","author":"Edirisinghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-062117-120940","article-title":"Biomaterials:\nBeen There, Done That, and Evolving into the Future","volume":"21","author":"Ratner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4028\/p-518pjS","article-title":"Carbonate\nHydroxyapatite - A Multifunctional\nBioceramics with Non-Medical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Adekanmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng.\nChem."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/C2009-0-02433-7","volume-title":"Biomaterials Science\nAn Introduction to Materials in Medicine","author":"Ratner","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.09356-5","article-title":"Regulatory Affairs","volume-title":"Comprehensive Biomaterials II","author":"Hogan","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857099204.27","article-title":"Regulatory\nStrategies for Biomaterials and Medical Devices in the USA: Classification,\nDesign, and Risk Analysis","volume-title":"Regulatory Affairs\nfor Biomaterials and Medical Devices","author":"Amato","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119114044300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL210322005P","article-title":"Animal Models in Bicompatibility Assessments of Implants\nin Soft and Hard Tissues","volume":"76","author":"Prokic\u0301","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Glas."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026083119114044300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216881","article-title":"Biocompatibility\nTesting for Implants: A Novel Tool for Selection and Characterization","volume":"16","author":"Al-Zyoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026083119114044300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.07.020","article-title":"Guidance\non the Assessment of Biocompatibility\nof Biomaterials: Fundamentals and Testing Considerations","volume":"40","author":"Rosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026083119114044300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29647","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c01690","article-title":"Bionate Biocompatibility: In Vivo Study in Rabbits","volume":"7","author":"Vanaclocha-Saiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit12","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization.\n          \n          ISO 10993-6:2016:\nBiological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2500Part 6: Tests for\nLocal Effects after Implantation; Geneva, 2016."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026083119114044300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12320","DOI":"10.7769\/gesec.v14i7.2537","article-title":"Medicamentos Biossimilares:\nDa Regulac\u0327a\u0303o\na\u0300 Promoc\u0327a\u0303o Do Desenvolvimento Tecnolo\u0301gico\ne Inovativo Pela ANVISA","volume":"14","author":"Vilha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Gesta\u0303o\nSecr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119114044300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-8824","article-title":"Investigation\nof Biological Interactions of Chitosan-Collagen-Hydroxyapatite Composite\nwith bone Tissue in Sheep","volume":"68","author":"Marcondes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet.\nZootec."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026083119114044300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9070952","article-title":"Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based\nFibrous Scaffolds with Piezoelectric Characteristics for Bone and\nNeural Tissue Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026083119114044300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2020.1740985","article-title":"VEGF-Incorporated\nPVDF\/Collagen Nanofibrous Scaffold\nfor Bladder Wall Regeneration and Angiogenesis","volume":"70","author":"Mokhames","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-021-00217-0","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review\non Fundamental Properties and\nApplications of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)","volume":"4","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026083119114044300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13152442","article-title":"Phase Transitions in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)\/Polymethylene-Based\nDiblock Copolymers and Blends","volume":"13","author":"Mari\u0301a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119114044300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10020161","article-title":"Fluorinated Polymers as Smart Materials\nfor Advanced Biomedical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0009","article-title":"Effects of\nPorosity\non Piezoelectric Characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films\nfor Biomedical Applications","volume":"4","author":"Kloster","year":"2023","journal-title":"BME Front."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit21","unstructured":"Mackova\u0301, L.; dos Santos, I. A.\n          Espectroscopia\nVibracional No Estudo de Materiais Ferroicos PVDF e BiFeO3. (Doutorado)\u2500Universidade\nEstadual de Maringa\u0301, Centro de Cie\u0302ncias Exatas, Departamento\nde Fi\u0301sica, Programa de Po\u0301s-Graduac\u0327a\u0303o em\nFi\u0301sica, 2022."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1080\/2374068X.2023.2259142","article-title":"Piezoelectricity and Electrochemical Effect of PVDF\nThermoplastic-Based Composites","volume":"10","author":"Farooq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater.\nProcess. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026083119114044300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1063\/1.324446","article-title":"Electric-Field-Induced\nPhase Changes in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)","volume":"49","author":"Davis","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224793","article-title":"Brief Review of PVDF Properties and Applications Potential","volume":"14","author":"Dallaev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.08.226","article-title":"Polyvinylidene\nFluoride as an Advanced\nPolymer for Multifunctional Applications\u2500a Review","author":"Nivedhitha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119114044300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.22214\/ijraset.2022.41752","article-title":"Application of Polymer\nand Biomaterials\nfor 3d Printing Technology: Review","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J.\nRes. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155457","article-title":"Additive\nManufacturing of Biomaterials\u2500Design Principles and Their Implementation","volume":"15","author":"Mirzaali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-024-10046-3","article-title":"Characterization and Biomedical Applications\nof Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF): A Review","volume":"59","author":"Concha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083119114044300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094980","article-title":"Enhanced Electroactive Phases of\nPoly(Vinylidene Fluoride)\nFibers for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"25","author":"Zaszczyn\u0301ska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026083119114044300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185232","article-title":"In Vitro Cell\nInteractions on Pvdf Films: Effects of\nSurface Morphology and Polar Phase Transition","volume":"14","author":"Alvarez-Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119114044300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392007000300005","article-title":"Characterization\nof PVDF\/HAP Composites for Medical\nApplications","volume":"10","author":"Braga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mat. Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026083119114044300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194190","article-title":"4th\nGeneration Biomaterials Based on PVDF-Hydroxyapatite Composites Produced\nby Electrospinning: Processing and Characterization","volume":"14","author":"dos Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/613403","article-title":"A New Piezoelectric\nActuator Induces Bone Formation in Vivo: A Preliminary\nStudy","volume":"2012","author":"Reis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"327","key":"2026083119114044300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1590\/S0366-69132007000300004","article-title":"Obtenc\u0327a\u0303o e Caracterizac\u0327a\u0303o\nde Cinza de Ossos Bovinos Visando a\u0300 Fabricac\u0327a\u0303o\nde Porcelana de Ossos - Bone China","volume":"53","author":"Miyahara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cera\u0302mica"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit35","unstructured":"de Oliveira, P. C.; Bonadio, T. G. M. B.; Marangoni, R.\n          Desenvolvimento\nde Filamentos Compostos de PVDF, PLA e HAp Para Impressa\u0303o de\nBiomateriais Ortope\u0301dicos; Guarapuava, 2023."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026083119114044300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15382","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA01267E","article-title":"A Critical Analysis of the \u03b1,\n\u03b2 and \u03b3 Phases in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Using FTIR","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2016.05.020","article-title":"Electroactive\nPoly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Fluoride Separator for Sodium Ion Battery\nwith High Coulombic Efficiency","volume":"292","author":"Janakiraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid State\nIon."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083119114044300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202300038","article-title":"Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoropropylene)\nFilms Filled in\nIron Nanoparticles for Infrared Shielding Applications","volume":"44","author":"Krajewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119114044300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-021-0509-9","article-title":"Effect of PVDF Concentration and\nNumber of Fiber Lines on Piezoelectric Properties of Polymeric PVDF\nBiosensors","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119114044300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030582","article-title":"Induced Hydrophilicity\nand In Vitro Preliminary Osteoblast\nResponse of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Coatings Obtained via MAPLE\nDeposition and Subsequent Thermal Treatment","volume":"25","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026083119114044300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11373","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111373","article-title":"Pvdf and p(Vdf-Trfe) Electrospun\nScaffolds for Nerve Graft Engineering: A Comparative Study on Piezoelectric\nand Structural Properties, and in Vitro Biocompatibility","volume":"22","author":"Gryshkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026083119114044300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM00904E","article-title":"Piezoelectric PVDF\nand Its Copolymers in Biomedicine: Innovations and Applications","volume":"12","author":"Vodyashkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026083119114044300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9111949","article-title":"Biomaterials\nand Their Biomedical\nApplications: From Replacement to Regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Todros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193204","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1193204","article-title":"Preclinical in Vitro\nEvaluation of Implantable Materials: Conventional Approaches, New\nModels and Future Directions","volume":"11","author":"Frisch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng.\nBiotechnol."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195529","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.28.23287847","article-title":"Toxic or Not Toxic?\nInterlaboratory Comparison Reveals\nAlmost Fifty-Fifty Chance in the Cytotoxicity Assessment (ISO 10993\u20135)\nof an Identical Medical Device","volume":"5","author":"Gruber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-0048-6_19","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Biomaterials: Histopathology Techniques Used in the Screening of\nBiomaterials to Ensure Biocompatibility","author":"Purnima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim.\nModels Res."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101903","article-title":"Fabrication\nand Characterisation of Stimuli Responsive Piezoelectric PVDF and\nHydroxyapatite-Filled PVDF Fibrous Membranes","volume":"24","author":"Tandon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104891","article-title":"Polyvinylidene\nFluoride \u2013 Hydroxyapatite 0\u20133 Biocomposite Filaments\nProcessed by Twin-Screw Extrusion","volume":"125","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech.\nBehav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026083119114044300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102232","article-title":"The Toxicological\nTesting and Thermal Decomposition of Drive and Transport Belts Made\nof Thermoplastic Multilayer Polymer Materials","volume":"12","author":"Krawiec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119114044300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200610","article-title":"A Review of the\nBiocompatibility of Implantable Devices: Current Challenges to Overcome\nForeign Body Response","volume":"2","author":"Onuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026083119114044300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-014-0587-0","article-title":"Effect of\nThermal Processing Conditions on the Structure\nand Dielectric Properties of PVDF Films","volume":"21","author":"Tiwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\nPolym. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119114044300_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012073","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1347\/1\/012073","article-title":"Principles of Preclinical\nBiomedical Studies for Biomaterial-Based\nScaffolds Intended for Bone Defects Replacement","volume":"1347","author":"Sergeeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys., Conf. Ser."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.01.007","article-title":"Stimuli-Responsive\nPiezoelectricity in Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL)\/Polyvinylidene\nFluoride (PVDF) Fibrous Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Bagherzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119114044300_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.24425\/bpasts.2020.133368","article-title":"Influence\nof Process-Material Conditions\non the Structure and Biological Properties of Electrospun Polyvinylidene\nFluoride Fibers","volume":"68","author":"Zaszczyn\u0301ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.:Tech.\nSci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119114044300_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-019-02078-5","article-title":"Fixation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride\n(PVDF) Mesh with\nCyanoacrylate-Derived Glues in a Rat Experimental Model: Histopathologic\nImmunohistochemical and Morphometric Study","volume":"24","author":"Poli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083119114044300_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8095269","article-title":"Macrophages,\nForeign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials","volume":"8","author":"Sheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026083119114044300_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2005.11.1","article-title":"Mediation of Biomaterial\u2013Cell\nInteractions by Adsorbed Proteins: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119114044300_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-190748","article-title":"In Vivo Biocompatibility Study of\nDegradable Homo-versus Multiblock Copolymers and Their (Micro)Structure\nCompared to an Established Biomaterial","volume":"75","author":"Haase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin.\nHemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381422-7.10038-0","volume-title":"Biocompatibility and\nBioresponse to Biomaterials","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119114044300_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/00222340902837527","article-title":"\u03b1 to\n\u03b2\nPhase Transformation and Microestructural Changes of PVDF Films Induced\nby Uniaxial Stretch","volume":"48","author":"Sencadas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci., Part\nB:Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119114044300_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-14282009000300005","article-title":"Caracterizac\u0327a\u0303o de Filmes\nde PVDF-\u03b2 Obtidos Por Diferentes Te\u0301cnicas","volume":"19","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polim.:Cienc. Tecnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083119114044300_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14334","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c03226","article-title":"Ionic Liquid-Assisted\n3D Printing of Self-Polarized \u03b2-PVDF for Flexible Piezoelectric\nEnergy Harvesting","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/app.56213","article-title":"Enhanced Piezoelectric\nand Electrodeformation Properties of PVDF Films Fabricated by Roll\nto Roll Process","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119114044300_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-022-08102-x","article-title":"Recent\nTrends on Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration Applications: Review","volume":"58","author":"Farag","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit65","volume-title":"Elements of X-Ray\nDiffraction","author":"Cullity","year":"2001","edition":"3"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119114044300_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7402.2009.02482.x","article-title":"Polymer-Ceramic Composites of 0\u20133\nConnectivity\nfor Circuits in Electronics: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Sebastian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74365-3","volume-title":"Composite Materials:\nScience and Engineering, Third ed.","author":"Chawla","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119114044300_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/pls2.10099","article-title":"Osteogenic Activity\nof Bone: Novel\nApproach of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films, Marrow Blood Supply, and\nUltrasound Stimulation","volume":"4","author":"Zuchuat","year":"2023","journal-title":"SPE Polym."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119114044300_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2017.02.022","article-title":"Polyvinylidene Fluoride\/Hydroxyapatite\/\u03b2-Tricalcium\nPhosphate Multifunctional Biocomposite: Potentialities for Bone Tissue\nEngineering","volume":"17","author":"Bonadio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2026.03.335","article-title":"Structural\nand Functional Optimization of PVDF\/Fish Bone-Derived Biphasic Calcium\nPhosphate Sub-Micron Fiber Composites","volume":"52","author":"do Nascimento","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ceram.\nInt."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026083119114044300_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23730","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra43966f","article-title":"Effect of\nElectroactive Phase Transformation on Electron Structure and Dielectric\nProperties of Uniaxial Stretching Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Films","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119114044300_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201100325","article-title":"Advances in Polymeric Systems for Tissue Engineering\nand Biomedical Applications","volume":"12","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.06.013","article-title":"The Roles of Vascular\nEndothelial Growth Factor in\nBone Repair and Regeneration","volume":"91","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026083119114044300_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.07.006","article-title":"Role of Angiogenesis\nin Bone Repair","volume":"561","author":"Saran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119114044300_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.14113","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Biocompatibility\nData from\nthe Subcutaneous and the Calvaria Implantation Model of a Novel Bone\nSubstitute Block","volume":"39","author":"Burckhardt","year":"2025","journal-title":"In Vivo"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c12754","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/48939\/66390080\/acsomega.5c12754.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/48939\/66390080\/acsomega.5c12754.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:11:49Z","timestamp":1788217909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/33\/48939\/5243289\/A-Methodological-Approach-to-Assessing"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c12754","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}