{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:17:21Z","timestamp":1790871441453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000165","name":"Division of Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2047753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2047753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006210","name":"Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012005","name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ca metal anode suffers from surface passivation and struggles to effectively plate and strip in conventional Ca electrolytes, making the development of alloy anode for calcium metal battery essential. This work systematically and carefully evaluates the electrochemical formation and feasibility of the Sn anode and its possibility of alloying with Ca using a combination of cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM\/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and synchrotron transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM). Electrochemical measurements and SEM\/EDS analyses indicate apparent Ca alloy formation. However, detailed XRD and TXM characterization reveal substantial lithium-ion involvement when lithium metal is employed as the reference electrode, even in electrolytes with high Ca salt concentrations. These findings highlight a significant risk of misinterpretation: Although limited Ca\u2013Sn alloying may occur, the faster kinetics of Li+ can dominate the alloying process, leading to a Li-driven reactions at the Sn anode. In contrast, cells constructed with Ca metal as both reference and counter electrodes exhibit distinct redox features only during the initial cycles, followed by rapid cell failure. The high oxidation currents induce severe Ca passivation, occurring nearly concurrently with Sn dealloying. Overall, this study provides critical insight into the practical limitations and common experimental artifacts associated with Ca metal battery systems and underscores the necessity for rigorous cell design and cautious interpretation when evaluating alloy chemistry in multivalent Ca-based batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c13028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:34:22Z","timestamp":1783985662000},"page":"43157-43165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ca Metal Batteries\nand Sn Anode Alloying: Resolving\nMisconceptions in Ca\u2013Sn Alloy Formation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-008X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saida","family":"Cora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02125"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5682-7443","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingyuan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Upton, New York, United States, 11973"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0345-6647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton University , , , ,","place":["Binghamton, New York, United States, 13902"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0366-8538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent","family":"Briselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02125"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-5851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Niya","family":"Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02125"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2152","key":"2026072810070366900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180297","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0297","article-title":"Post-Li Batteries: Promises and Challenges","volume":"377","author":"Ponrouch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. 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