{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:13:00Z","timestamp":1788221580874,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101119951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101119951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101169504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101169504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101179447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101179447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\/FFP-P\/10255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/FFP-P\/10255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\/RC\/10294_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/RC\/10294_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multicomponent films offer important opportunities in electrochemiluminescence, ECL, including the possibility to coimmobilize an electron transfer mediator to facilitate the generation of radicals from a coreactant and to enhance indirect ECL at potentials that are lower than the direct route. Moreover, the local microenvironment, as well as energy and electron transfer pathways, can be controlled which have important implications for improving ECL assays and sensors. Here, spontaneously adsorbed monolayers and thin films of [Ru(bpy)2(Qbpy)]2+, RuN6, and [Ru(bpy)2(Qbpy)Cl]+, RuN5Cl, have been formed on carbon and gold electrodes, where bpy is 2,2\u2032-bipyridyl and Qbpy is 2,2\u2032:4,4\u2033:4\u2032,4\u2033-quarterpyridyl. The mixed films show well-defined voltammetric responses associated with the Ru2+\/3+ couple within each complex. For dense RuN6 monolayers, the ECL response is sharply localized around the Ru2+\/3+ oxidation, with a single, well-defined ECL response reflecting the direct Ru3+\/coreactant radical annihilation pathway. Significantly, in mixed RuN6:RuN5Cl 20:80 films, a highly efficient, indirect ECL generating pathway is switched on due to the RuN5Cl centers acting as electron transfer mediators to the coreactant. This pathway enables ECL generation at lower potentials while the combination of both pathways gives dramatically enhanced ECL generation efficiency across a wide range of potentials. Quantitative Rehm\u2013Weller and spectral overlap analysis shows that neither electron-transfer nor energy-transfer quenching of the excited state of RuN6 by RuN5Cl is a significant issue. Significantly, using 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol, DBAE, as the coreactant delivers substantially brighter ECL from the mixed films compared to tripropyl amine, TPrA, reflecting its lower oxidation potential and more efficient formation of strongly reducing radicals within or near the film. Moreover, the ability to induce ECL at lower potentials with significant intensity is an important advantage for the miniaturization of multianalyte detection platforms. Together, these findings advance a coherent framework for engineering immobilized Ru-based ECL emitters within mixed composition films, and highlights [Ru(bpy)2(Qbpy)]2+-type systems as strong candidates for next-generation biosensing and wireless ECL devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c13292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T01:02:05Z","timestamp":1786410125000},"page":"49020-49025","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Electrochemiluminescence with Two-Component\nSpontaneously Adsorbed Monolayers and Films"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Bieniasz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin City University , , ,","place":["Dublin 9, Ireland, D09 V209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4178-9679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A\u0301ine","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin City University , , ,","place":["Dublin 9, Ireland, D09 V209"]},{"name":"Dublin City University , , ,","place":["Dublin 9, Ireland, D09 V209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-0815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yann","family":"Pellegrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universite\u0301, CNRS, CEISAM , UMR 6230 , ,","place":["Nantes, France, F-44000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-3123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin City University , , ,","place":["Dublin 9, Ireland, D09 V209"]},{"name":"Dublin City University , , ,","place":["Dublin 9, Ireland, D09 V209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"46","key":"2026083119130040500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43463","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c02559","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence Properties and Sensing Application of Zn(II)\u2013Metal\u2013Organic\nFrameworks Constructed by Mixed Ligands of Para Dicarboxylic Acids\nand 1,10-Phenanthroline","volume":"8","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"44","key":"2026083119130040500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30148","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c05213","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence\nImmunosensor Based on Nanobody and Au\/CaCO3 Synthesized Using Waste\nEggshells for Ultrasensitive Detection of Ochratoxin A","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026083119130040500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38709","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04300","article-title":"Label-Free Electrochemiluminescence\nNano-Aptasensor\nfor the Ultrasensitive Detection of ApoA1 in Human Serum","volume":"7","author":"Kurup","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026083119130040500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202412097","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence\nEnhanced\nby a Non-Emissive Dual Redox Mediator","volume":"63","author":"Adamson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026083119130040500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00026a010","article-title":"2,2\u2019:4,4\u2019\u2019:4\u2019,4\u2019\u2019\u2019-Quaterpyridyl:\nA Building Block for the Preparation of Novel Redox Reagents. 2. Bis(2,2\u2019-Bipyridine)Ruthenium(II)\nComplexes","volume":"30","author":"Bierig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119130040500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1021\/jp064932m","article-title":"Effect\nof Deposition Time on the Orientation of [Ru(Bpy)2Qbpy]2+ Adsorbed\non Platinum","volume":"111","author":"Forster","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026083119130040500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10004","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9828890","article-title":"Redox Properties\nof Ground and Electronically Excited\nStates: [Ru(Bpy)2Qbpy]2+ Monolayers","volume":"102","author":"Forster","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119130040500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.1.011002","article-title":"Energy Migration\nand Fluorescence","volume":"17","author":"Fo\u0308rster","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026083119130040500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47156","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c07608","article-title":"An Upconversion\nFluorescent Resonant Energy Transfer Biosensor for the Detection of\nmicroRNA through DNA Hybridization","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119130040500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1699044","article-title":"A Theory\nof Sensitized Luminescence in Solids","volume":"21","author":"Dexter","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Chem.\nPhys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083119130040500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11930","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b01532","article-title":"Efficient\nEnergy Transfer in In2Se3\u2013MoSe2 van\nDer Waals Heterostructures","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026083119130040500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34127","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c03427","article-title":"Activated\nGlassy Carbon Electrode\nas an Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Determination of 4-Nitrophenol\nand Dopamine in Real Samples","volume":"7","author":"Abdel-Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119130040500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1070\/RC1993v062n04ABEH000022","article-title":"Redox Potentials\nand Electronic Structures of Organic\nComplexes of Ruthenium and Rhodium","volume":"62","author":"Magdesieva","year":"1993","journal-title":"Russ. Chem.\nRev."},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"2026083119130040500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.12.023","article-title":"Electrochemistry\nof Redox-Active Self-Assembled Monolayers","volume":"254","author":"Eckermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Coord.\nChem. Rev."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026083119130040500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01683","article-title":"DNA-Based Nanoswitches: Insights\ninto Electrochemiluminescence Signal Enhancement","volume":"93","author":"Zanut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119130040500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1021\/jp002880+","article-title":"Homogeneous Oxidation of Trialkylamines by Metal Complexes\nand Its Impact on Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence in the Trialkylamine\/Ru(Bpy)32+\nSystem","volume":"105","author":"Kanoufi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026083119130040500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202412097","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence Enhanced\nby a Non-Emissive Dual Redox Mediator","volume":"63","author":"Adamson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119130040500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(01)00406-4","article-title":"Electrochemistry and Electrochemiluminescence of Stable\nTris(2,2\u2032-Bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II) Monolayer Assembled on Benzene\nSulfonic Acid Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119130040500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/ijch.197000029","article-title":"Kinetics of Fluorescence\nQuenching by Electron and\nH-Atom Transfer","volume":"8","author":"Rehm","year":"1970","journal-title":"Isr. J. Chem."},{"key":"2026083119130040500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.03.156","article-title":"Coreactants of Tris(2,2\u2032-Bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II)\nElectrogenerated Chemiluminescence","volume":"82","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim.\nActa"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119130040500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02697","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence\nAmplification in Bead-Based Assays Induced by a Freely Diffusing Iridium(III)\nComplex","volume":"8","author":"Kerr","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c13292","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/49020\/66481956\/acsomega.5c13292.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/49020\/66481956\/acsomega.5c13292.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:13:07Z","timestamp":1788217987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/33\/49020\/5251755\/Enhancing-Electrochemiluminescence-with-Two"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c13292","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}