{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:09:03Z","timestamp":1790698143180,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JJ40414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ40414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ7512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ7512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014472","name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24B0764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24B0764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014472","name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25A0603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25A0603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015374","name":"Xiangnan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XNXY20221210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNXY20221210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligence Education (Hainan Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["DSIE202304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSIE202304"]}]},{"name":"Department of Natural Resources of Hunan Province","award":["20230140ST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230140ST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recently, heavymetal contamination in soil has been widely concerned. Herein, three types of biochar-based materials, including biochar (BC), Fe-modified biochar (Fe-BC), and red mud-modified biochar (RM-BC), were prepared and characterized, and the effects of BC, Fe-BC, and RM-BC on the bioavailability of Cd in vegetable soils were studied by pot experiments. Results showed that the RM-BC treatment exhibited better immobilization effect on soil Cd than BC and Fe-BC, and reduced the bioavailability of soil Cd and effectively inhibited the migration of Cd from soil to the edible parts of onion plants. After RM-BC treatment, the acid-soluble state of soil Cd decreased by 23%, while the residual state of soil Cd increased by 21%, promoting the form transformation of soil Cd from the acid-soluble state to the residual state. Furthermore, the RM-BC treatment raised the soil pH, soil enzyme (\u03b2-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease) activities, soil organic carbon, and the biomass of onion plants. The immobilization mechanism of soil Cd following RM-BC treatment was explored, involving in surface adsorption, ion exchange, and complexation reactions. Importantly, the Cd concentration of onion stem is about 0.13 mg\/kg following RM-BC treatment, which did not exceed China\u2019s food safety standard of 0.20 mg\/kg. Therefore, the RM-BC treatment shows potential for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c00172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:01:54Z","timestamp":1789473714000},"page":"56755-56766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insights into Remediation\nof Cd Contamination in Vegetable\nSoils by Red Mud-Modified Biochar"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangnan University , , ,","place":["Chenzhou, China, 423000"]},{"name":"Hainan Normal University , , ,","place":["Haikou, China, 571158"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangnan University , , ,","place":["Chenzhou, China, 423000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songsong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangnan University , , ,","place":["Chenzhou, China, 423000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiming","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangnan University , , ,","place":["Chenzhou, China, 423000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangnan University , , ,","place":["Chenzhou, China, 423000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8456-9378","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuangye","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangnan University , , ,","place":["Chenzhou, China, 423000"]},{"name":"Hainan Normal University , , ,","place":["Haikou, China, 571158"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.02.007","article-title":"Migration and Distribution Characteristics of Soil Heavy Metal(loid)s\nat a Lead Smelting Site","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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Stud."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134666","article-title":"Cadmium in Food: Source,\nDistribution and Removal","volume":"405","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2025.06.008","article-title":"Innovations\nin Nanomaterials for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soil: Advances,\nMechanistic Insights, and Future Prospects","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156417","article-title":"Recent Advances\nin Soil Remediation Technology for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites:\nA Critical Review","volume":"838","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.10.002","article-title":"Remediation Mechanism of High Concentrations\nof Multiple Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soil by Sedum alfredii and Native Microorganisms","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114237","article-title":"Effect of\nPyrolysis Temperature of Biochar on Cd, Pb and As Bioavailability\nand Bacterial Community Composition in Contaminated Paddy Soil","volume":"247","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enceco.2025.05.016","article-title":"Synergistic Effects\nof Mg and Fe-Modified Bimetallic Biochar for Immobilization of As\nand Cd in Agricultural Soils","volume":"7","author":"Nabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Chem.\nEcotoxicol."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2026.107907","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Valorization\nof Agricultural Waste-Derived Biochar: From Preparation Strategies\nand Structural Regulation to Intelligent Design","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134674","article-title":"Effects of the Increases in Soil\npH and pH Buffering Capacity Induced\nby Crop Residue Biochars on Available Cd Contents in Acidic Paddy\nSoils","volume":"301","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133866","article-title":"Iron-Modified Biochar\nEffectively Mitigates Arsenic-Cadmium Pollution in Paddy Fields: A\nMeta-Analysis","volume":"469","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134510","article-title":"Remediation\nMechanism of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb Contaminated Soil by Biochar-Supported\nNanoscale Zero-Valent Iron and Its Impact on Soil Enzyme Activity","volume":"378","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2025.119202","article-title":"A Review on the Application of Iron-Carbon\nComposites\nPrepared from Red Mud and Organic Solid Waste for Wastewater Treatment","volume":"614","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123671","article-title":"Dealkalization Processes\nof Bauxite\nResidue: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"403","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122048","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights\ninto Organic Carbon Fraction Sequestration in\nEco-Engineered Bauxite Residue: Roles of Aggregate Formation and Fe\/Al\nOxide Interactions","volume":"282","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129339","article-title":"Remediation of Pb-Contaminated\nSoil Using Modified\nBauxite Refinery Residue","volume":"437","author":"Burton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2024.124864","article-title":"Promoted Deep\nOxidation of M-Xylene and Inhibited the\nGeneration of Carbon-Deposited Species by Ce Modified Co3O4: The Key Role of Modulating Internal Electron Transport\nPathway","volume":"365","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B: Environ. Energy"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4813","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c06968","article-title":"Biochar Derived from\nChinese Herb Medicine Residues for Rhodamine\nB Dye Adsorption","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.152833","article-title":"Elucidating the Formation of 3D Interconnected Honeycomb-Like\nHollow\nPorous Biochar with Corrugated Internal Pore Walls from Lignin-Rich\nSecondary Waste Biomass","volume":"369","author":"Dessie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135189","article-title":"Straw Removal\nReduces Cd Availability and Rice Cd Accumulation in Cd-Contaminated\nPaddy Soil: Cd Fraction, Soil Microorganism Structure and Porewater\nDOC and Cd","volume":"476","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2025.104336","article-title":"Synergistic Enhancement\nof Heavy Metals Removal and Soil Nutrients for Agricultural Soils\nUsing Novel Agro-Waste Biomass Derived Washing Agents","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innovation"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/804\/2\/022101","article-title":"Effects of\nDifferent Land Use Patterns on Soil Organic\nMatter and Soil Cycle Process","volume":"804","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.:\nEarth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175947","article-title":"Assessing Soil Remediation\nEffect of Cr and Pb Based\non Bioavailability using DGT, BCR and Standardized Determination Method","volume":"953","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.2c00044","article-title":"Exploring\nthe Potential of Sewage\nSludge as Agricultural Fertilizer: Determination of Heavy Metals and\nNutrients by Microwave-Assisted Digestion Followed by ICP-OES Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31260-7","article-title":"Physiological Tolerance\nof Black Locust (Robinia Pseudoacacia L.) and Changes\nof Rhizospheric Bacterial Communities in Response to Cd and Pb in\nthe Contaminated Soil","volume":"31","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut.\nRes."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171614","article-title":"Cadmium Immobilization\nin Soil Using Phosphate Modified Biochar Derived\nfrom Wheat Straw","volume":"926","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1943\/1\/012014","article-title":"Characterization Structure\nof Fe3O4@PEG-4000 Nanoparticles\nSynthesized by Co-Precipitation Method","volume":"1943","author":"Irianti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys.:\nConf. Ser."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/min14070656","article-title":"Developed\nRecyclable CaFe-Layered Double Hydroxide for Efficient Cadmium Immobilization\nin Soil: Performance and Bioavailability","volume":"14","author":"Jing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119016","article-title":"Soil Contamination by Microplastics\nin Relation to Local Agricultural\nDevelopment As Revealed by FTIR, ICP-MS and Pyrolysis-GC\/MS","volume":"303","author":"Chouchene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106979","article-title":"An Iron-Based\nBiochar for Persulfate Activation with Highly Efficient and Durable\nRemoval of Refractory Dyes","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135616","article-title":"Mahor and\nTrace Element Accumulation\nin Soils and Crops (Wheat, Corn, Sunflower) around Steel Industry\nin the Lower Danube Basin and Associated Ecological and Health Risks","volume":"14","author":"Ene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c05702","article-title":"FTIR Photoacoustic\nand ATR Spectroscopies of Soils with Aggregate Size Fractionation\nby Dry Sieving","volume":"7","author":"Krivoshein","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117094","article-title":"Exploring the Mechanisms of Organic\nFertilizers on Cd Bioavailability\nin Rice Fields: Environmental Behavior and Effect Factors","volume":"285","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121060","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Hydrogen Bonding and \u03c0-\u03c0\nInteraction for Enhanced Adsorption of Rhodamine B from Water using\nCorn Straw Biochar","volume":"320","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56212-0","article-title":"Laser-Induced Graphene Electrochemical\nSensor for Quantitative\nDetection of Phytotoxic Aluminum Ions (Al3+) in Soils Extracts","volume":"14","author":"Reyes-Loaiza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.121308","article-title":"Comprehensive\nUtilization of RM (Bauxite Residue): Progress, Challenges, and Future\nProspects","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2025.100657","article-title":"Highly Effective Lead\nRemoval by Novel Alkaline Biochar\nPrepared by Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass Impregnated with Low-Level\nNaOH","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158033","article-title":"Combined Apatite,\nBiochar, and Organic Fertilizer Application for\nHeavy Metal Co-Contaminated Soil Remediation Reduces Heavy Metal Transport\nand Alters Soil Microbial Community Structure","volume":"851","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16803-0","article-title":"Effect of Insect Feces\n(Hermetia Illucens) on Rice Growth and Heavy Metal\nMigration from Polluted Soil to Rice Plant","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2025.117191","article-title":"Mitigation\nof Soil Salinity by Biochar and Halophytes","volume":"454","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116543","article-title":"Red Mud Based\nPassivator Reduced Cd Accumulation in Edible Amaranth by Influencing\nRoot Organic Matter Metabolism and Soil Aggregate Distribution","volume":"275","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120608","article-title":"Roles of Red Mud in\nRemediation of Contaminated Soil\nin Mining Areas: Mechanisms, Advances and Perspectives","volume":"356","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.112771","article-title":"Insights into Remediation of Cadmium\nand Lead Contaminated-Soil\nby Fe-Mn Modified Biochar","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-022-03266-0","article-title":"Simultaneously\nImmobilization\nof Cd and Pb in Paddy Soil by Magnetic Modified Biochar Based on Textile\nDyeing Sludge: Metal Speciation and Soil Microbial Community Evolution","volume":"22","author":"Diao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments."},{"key":"2026092911090419800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127244","article-title":"Transferring\nWaste\nRed Mud into Ferric Oxide Decorated ANA-Type Zeolite for Multiple\nHeavy Metals Polluted Soil Remediation","volume":"424","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c00172","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/38\/56755\/68509829\/acsomega.6c00172.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/38\/56755\/68509829\/acsomega.6c00172.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:50:34Z","timestamp":1790697034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/38\/56755\/5429914\/Insights-into-Remediation-of-Cd-Contamination-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c00172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}