{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:12:56Z","timestamp":1788437576091,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004396","name":"PepsiCo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Economically motivated adulteration of cocoa powder poses significant risks to food safety, product quality, and consumer trust. Traditional detection methods, while accurate, are often time-consuming and resource intensive. This study presents a novel approach for the simultaneous detection and quantification of carob flour and cocoa shell adulterants in cocoa powder using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares regression (PLSR) modeling. More than 600 spectra from 153 samples, including pure, single-adulterant, and mixed-adulterant cocoa powders, were analyzed. A three-stage model development strategy was employed, and the best model, using standard normal variate (SNV) transformation combined with Savitzky\u2013Golay smoothing, achieved high predictive accuracy (CV-R2 = 0.946 \u00b1 0.011) with low detection limits (2.28% for carob and 5.80% for shell). Variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified key spectral regions contributing to adulterant discrimination. This methodology demonstrates strong potential for scalable, nondestructive quality control in the cocoa industry and offers a framework for multiadulterant detection in other complex food matrices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c00190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T19:01:30Z","timestamp":1787252490000},"page":"50762-50768","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simultaneous Detection\nof Multiple Adulterants in\nCocoa Powder Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6524-5865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter , , ,","place":["Exeter, U.K., EX4 4QF"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie J.","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter , , ,","place":["Exeter, U.K., EX4 4QF"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Bows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PepsiCo R&D , ,","place":["Leicester, U.K., LE4 1ET"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5321-4163","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geoff R.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter , , ,","place":["Exeter, U.K., EX4 4QF"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307161584800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3697","article-title":"Cocoa and Chocolate in Human Health\nand Disease","volume":"15","author":"Katz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. 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Meteorol."},{"key":"2026090307161584800_cit5","unstructured":"ICCO.\n          . Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics,\nVol. LI,\nNo.1, Cocoa year 2024\/25. https:\/\/www.icco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Supply-Demand_QBCS-LI-No.-1.pdf (accessed Nov 15, 2025)."},{"key":"2026090307161584800_cit6","unstructured":"International Cocoa Organization.\n          . Cocoa Market Report, May 2025. https:\/\/www.icco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cocoa-Market-Report_May-2025.pdf (accessed Nov 15, 2025)."},{"key":"2026090307161584800_cit7","unstructured":"International Cocoa Organization.\n          . Cocoa Market Report, July 2025. https:\/\/www.icco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cocoa-Market-Report_July-2025.pdf (accessed Nov 15, 2025)."},{"key":"2026090307161584800_cit8","unstructured":"International Cocoa Organization.\n          . Cocoa Market Report, September 2025. https:\/\/www.icco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cocoa-Market-Report_September-2025.pdf (accessed Nov 15, 2025)."},{"key":"2026090307161584800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134209","article-title":"Untargeted\nHPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach to Reveal Cocoa Powder Adulterations","volume":"402","author":"Gren\u0303o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090307161584800_cit10","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius.\n          .  Standard for Cocoa (Cacao)\nMass (Cocoa\/Chocolate\nLiquor) and Cocoa Cake; Codex Standard 141-1983; Codex Alimentarius International Food Standards, 1989."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307161584800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/0265203031000077888","article-title":"Concentrations\nand Bioavailability of Cadmium and Lead in Cocoa Powder and Related\nProducts","volume":"20","author":"Mounicou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Additives & Contaminants"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307161584800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10030091","article-title":"Food Targeting:\nDetermination of the Cocoa Shell Content (Theobroma Cacao L.) in Cocoa\nProducts by LC-QqQ-MS\/MS","volume":"10","author":"Cain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090307161584800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14183195","article-title":"Detection\nof Adulterants in Powdered Foods Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy\nand Chemometrics: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Vera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026090307161584800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110604","article-title":"Effectiveness of Machine\nLearning Algorithms as a Tool to Meat Traceability System. 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