{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:07:04Z","timestamp":1788876424454,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002642","name":"Korea University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"KU-KIST Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Monodisperse polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) have great potential as standard materials in various fields, including environmental analysis, biological research, and instrumental calibration. However, reproducible liter-scale synthesis of PSNPs with controlled sizes across the nano-to-micrometer size range remains challenging because particle nucleation, growth, and colloidal stability are highly sensitive to polymerization conditions. In addition, particle size measurements often vary depending on the analytical method used. In this study, we report a robust liter-scale synthetic protocol for highly monodisperse PSNPs with controlled diameters of 50, 100, 200, and 1000 nm by optimizing key synthetic parameters. The synthesized PSNPs were benchmarked against commercial PSNP standards using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering, scanning mobility particle sizing, and static light scattering. Conventional dry-grid TEM yielded smaller apparent particle sizes than the particle size analyzers, indicating that drying and electron-beam exposure can influence the measured dimensions of soft polymer nanoparticles. To further evaluate the PSNP morphology under liquid-confined conditions, graphene liquid cell (GLC)-based solution-phase TEM was employed as a complementary characterization method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c00478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T03:02:17Z","timestamp":1786417337000},"page":"52461-52472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liter-Scale Precision\nSynthesis and Measurement of\nNano-to-Micrometer Scale PSNPs with Graphene Liquid Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chanho","family":"Um","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University , , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02841"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6591-9618","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joonwoo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University , , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02841"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4457-5423","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong Duk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University , , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02841"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inbo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University , , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02841"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6755-7477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dong-Kwon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University , , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02841"]},{"name":"Korea University , , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02841"]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil , Seongbuk-gu, ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"2026090809103474300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2014.08.001","article-title":"Identification of multiple cellular\nuptake pathways of polystyrene nanoparticles and factors affecting\nthe uptake: Relevance for drug delivery systems","volume":"93","author":"Firdessa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090809103474300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18619","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b05383","article-title":"Size-Dependent Regulation\nof Intracellular Trafficking\nof Polystyrene Nanoparticle-Based Drug-Delivery Systems","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090809103474300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.11.003","article-title":"Synthesis of hollow silver spheres\nusing poly-(styrene-methyl\nacrylic acid) as templates in the presence of sodium polyacrylate","volume":"256","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809103474300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-019-00888-6","article-title":"A novel colloidal deposition method\nto prepare copper nanoparticles\/polystyrene nanocomposite with antibacterial\nactivity and its comparison to the liquid-phase in situ reduction\nmethod","volume":"74","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809103474300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1039\/C8QI00085A","article-title":"Simple surface-assisted\nformation of palladium nanoparticles on polystyrene\nmicrospheres and their application in catalysis","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809103474300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2005.07.019","article-title":"Template synthesis of nanostructured\nsilica with hollow core and mesoporous shell structures","volume":"6","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809103474300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05559","article-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics\nin Aquatic Environments: Aggregation, Deposition, and Enhanced Contaminant\nTransport","volume":"52","author":"Alimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809103474300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/nano2010015","article-title":"Accurate Size and Size-Distribution\nDetermination of Polystyrene Latex Nanoparticles in Aqueous Medium\nUsing Dynamic Light Scattering and Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation\nwith Multi-Angle Light Scattering","volume":"2","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809103474300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7693","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-7693-2021","article-title":"Assessment of real-time bioaerosol particle\ncounters using reference chamber experiments","volume":"14","author":"Lieberherr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2026090809103474300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14837","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c02487","article-title":"Surface-Functionalized\nPolystyrene\nNanoparticles Alter the Transmembrane Potential via Ion-Selective\nPores Maintaining Global Bilayer Integrity","volume":"38","author":"Perini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809103474300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2005.10.033","article-title":"Electrokinetic\nbehavior and colloidal stability of polystyrene latex coated with\nionic surfactants","volume":"297","author":"Jo\u0301dar-Reyes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809103474300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.02.001","article-title":"Emulsion\npolymerization mechanisms and kinetics","volume":"31","author":"Chern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog.\nPolym. Sci."},{"key":"2026090809103474300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.136073","article-title":"Synthesis of polystyrene\nparticles with controlled size emulsion and dispersion radical polymerization:\nA practical guide","volume":"709","author":"Yesayeu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809103474300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2000.7190","article-title":"Synthesis\nof highly charged, monodisperse polystyrene colloidal particles for\nthe fabrication of photonic crystals","volume":"232","author":"Reese","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Colloid\nInterface Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809103474300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2010.09.036","article-title":"An investigation of the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate\non quasi-emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization for highly monodisperse\npolystyrene nanospheres","volume":"47","author":"Zhenxing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090809103474300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00438G","article-title":"Anionic\/nonionic\nsurfactants for controlled synthesis of highly concentrated sub-50\nnm polystyrene spheres","volume":"3","author":"Al Najjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809103474300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c04437","article-title":"Emulsion\nPolymerization of Styrene to Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Self-Emulsifying\nNanodroplets as Nucleus","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090809103474300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2004.03.084","article-title":"First-principles\ncalculation of particle formation in emulsion polymerization: pseudo-bulk\nsystems","volume":"45","author":"Coen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090809103474300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4396","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.0c00769","article-title":"Fundamentals of Emulsion Polymerization","volume":"21","author":"Lovell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809103474300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1021\/mz200158e","article-title":"Determination\nof the Critical Chain Length of Oligomers in Dispersion Polymerization","volume":"1","author":"Smeets","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809103474300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1139\/v85-033","article-title":"Particle-Size Control in Dispersion Polymerization\nof Polystyrene","volume":"63","author":"Lok","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809103474300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.12.001","article-title":"Dispersion polymerization\nin non-polar solvent: Evolution toward emerging applications","volume":"38","author":"Richez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026090809103474300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2007.02.027","article-title":"Synthesis\nof polystyrene microspheres\nby dispersion polymerization using poly(vinyl alcohol) as a steric\nstabilizer in aqueous alcohol media","volume":"302","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colloids\nSurf., A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809103474300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1993.080310606","article-title":"Control\nof Particle-Size in Dispersion\nPolymerization of Methyl-Methacrylate","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Polym.\nSci., Part A: Polym. Chem."},{"key":"2026090809103474300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mspro.2012.06.058","article-title":"Synthesis of polystyrene\nmicrospheres\nto be used as template in the preparation of hollow spherical materials:\nstudy of the operative variables","volume":"1","author":"Gorsd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Mar.\nSci."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090809103474300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12183118","article-title":"Number Concentration Measurements of Polystyrene Submicrometer\nParticles","volume":"12","author":"DeRose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809103474300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1021\/la053198f","article-title":"Imaging the\nvolume transition in thermosensitive core-shell particles by cryo-transmission\nelectron microscopy","volume":"22","author":"Crassous","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809103474300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MH00717K","article-title":"Dynamic light scattering and transmission\nelectron microscopy in drug delivery: a roadmap for correct characterization\nof nanoparticles and interpretation of results","volume":"10","author":"Filippov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809103474300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(02)00062-1","article-title":"Measurement\nof 100-nm polystyrene sphere by transmission electron microscope","volume":"126","author":"Jung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090809103474300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201600246","article-title":"Imaging of\nPolymeric Nanoparticles: Hard Challenge for Soft Objects","volume":"217","author":"Renz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"6077","key":"2026090809103474300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217654","article-title":"High-Resolution\nEM of Colloidal Nanocrystal Growth Using Graphene Liquid Cells","volume":"336","author":"Yuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809103474300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10229","article-title":"Graphene\nLiquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Progress, Applications, and Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809103474300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7435","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b02490","article-title":"Reduced Radiation Damage in Transmission Electron Microscopy\nof Proteins in Graphene Liquid Cells","volume":"18","author":"Keskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026090809103474300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703555","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703555","article-title":"Liquid-Cell\nElectron Microscopy of\nAdsorbed Polymers","volume":"29","author":"Nagamanasa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809103474300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1021\/ja408513m","article-title":"Dynamics\nof Soft Nanomaterials\nCaptured by Transmission Electron Microscopy in Liquid Water","volume":"136","author":"Proetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"90","key":"2026090809103474300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16176","DOI":"10.1039\/c5cc05744b","article-title":"Visualizing virus particle mobility\nin liquid at the nanoscale","volume":"51","author":"Cameron Varano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809103474300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.1116","article-title":"Formation\nof monodisperse polyacrylamide\nparticles by dispersion polymerization: particle size and size distribution","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809103474300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.06.046","article-title":"Synthesis of polystyrene beads loaded with dual luminophors\nfor self-referenced oxygen sensing","volume":"67","author":"Im","year":"2005","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809103474300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/10610278.2019.1629438","article-title":"Dynamic light scattering\n- an all-purpose guide for\nthe supramolecular chemist","volume":"31","author":"Wishard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Supramol. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809103474300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2015.1025124","article-title":"Smoke Characterization\nand Feasibility of the Moment Method for Spacecraft Fire Detection","volume":"49","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809103474300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2012.10.008","article-title":"Comparability\nof mobility particle sizers and diffusion chargers","volume":"57","author":"Kaminski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090809103474300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201306069","article-title":"High-Resolution\nElectron Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Ferritin in Biocompatible\nGraphene Liquid Cells and Graphene Sandwiches","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026090809103474300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700639","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201700639","article-title":"Clean Transfer of Large Graphene Single Crystals for High-Intactness\nSuspended Membranes and Liquid Cells","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026090809103474300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2019.100516","article-title":"New opportunities\nin transmission electron microscopy of polymers","volume":"139","author":"Kuei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., R"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026090809103474300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12871","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02278J","article-title":"Characterization\ntechniques for nanoparticles:\ncomparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties","volume":"10","author":"Mourdikoudis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809103474300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2004.02.003","article-title":"Radiation damage in the TEM and SEM","volume":"35","author":"Egerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Micron"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809103474300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1017\/S1551929521000663","article-title":"Radiation\nDamage and Nanofabrication in TEM and STEM","volume":"29","author":"Egerton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsc. Today"},{"key":"2026090809103474300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2022.125195","article-title":"Effects of\nelectron irradiation on structure and bonding of polymer spherulite\nthin films","volume":"256","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026090809103474300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110044","article-title":"Induced damage during STEM-EELS analyses on acrylic-based\nmaterials for Stereolithography","volume":"203","author":"Valencia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad.\nStab."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090809103474300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(92)90869-X","article-title":"Low temperature transmission\nelectron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry characterization\nof latexes stabilized with surface active block oligomers","volume":"33","author":"Iian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Polymer"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c00478","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/52461\/66482115\/acsomega.6c00478.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/52461\/66482115\/acsomega.6c00478.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:10:44Z","timestamp":1788873044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/35\/52461\/5251765\/Liter-Scale-Precision-Synthesis-and-Measurement-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c00478","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}