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Unlike conventional anodization methods that rely on metallic cathodes and fluoride-containing acidic electrolytes, the PA approach employs an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) as the cathode, enabling anodization in aqueous sodium chloride solutions with optional ethylene glycol addition. By adjusting electrolyte composition and processing conditions, hierarchical flower-like microstructures composed of densely packed nanotube-like TiO2 features were obtained. The most uniform and well-defined structures were obtained with 2.5 M NaCl and ethylene glycol. Additional oxygen plasma treatment modified surface chemistry and enhanced wettability without altering surface morphology. Biological evaluation demonstrated that PA-treated surfaces significantly reduced platelet adhesion and activation, decreased Escherichia coli attachment by up to 92%, and promoted endothelial cell adhesion and spreading. Smooth muscle cells also exhibited increased adhesion to modified surfaces; however, their morphology was altered, with reduced spreading and a nonuniform distribution. Overall, the more pronounced response of endothelial cells indicates a favorable trend toward endothelialisation. These findings demonstrate that plasma-induced electrochemical anodization enables the fabrication of titanium surfaces with multifunctional biological performance, combining reduced thrombogenicity and bacterial adhesion with enhanced endothelial response. The use of fluoride-free electrolytes further highlights the potential of this approach for applications in cardiovascular and other blood-contacting biomedical devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c00587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:02:08Z","timestamp":1786370528000},"page":"49085-49095","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth of Nanotubular\nFlowers Using Environment-Friendly\nElectrolytes and their Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-1590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Niharika","family":"Rawat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ljubljana , , Trz\u030cas\u030cka 25 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-6544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Metka","family":"Benc\u030cina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joz\u030cef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Kralj Iglic\u030c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ljubljana , , Zdravstvena pot 5 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Lakota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana , , Vodnikova 62 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polona","family":"Z\u030cigon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana , , Vodnikova 62 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"S\u030cetina-Batic\u030c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metals and Technology , Lepi pot 11 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ales\u030c","family":"Iglic\u030c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ljubljana , , Trz\u030cas\u030cka 25 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4324-246X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janez","family":"Kovac\u030c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joz\u030cef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1145-9883","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ita","family":"Junkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joz\u030cef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , ,","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119135793600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9385","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500061m","article-title":"One-dimensional titanium dioxide\nnanomaterials: nanotubes","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. 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