{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:55:25Z","timestamp":1791302125170,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010740","name":"Universitas Hasanuddin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00773\/UN4.22\/PT.01.03\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00773\/UN4.22\/PT.01.03\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010740","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance mediated by efflux pump activity represents a major challenge in the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Efflux pumps such as NorA and MepA reduce intracellular antibiotic accumulation and contribute significantly to decreased antibiotic efficacy. In this study, PBSA-7, a piperine-derived compound, was evaluated as a potential efflux pump inhibitor using an integrated in silico and in vitro approach. Computational analysis, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, Lipinski rule assessment, and ADMET prediction, was performed to investigate the interaction profiles and drug-likeness of the compound. PBSA-7 demonstrated favorable binding affinities toward NorA (\u22129.3 kcal\/mol) and MepA (\u22129.0 kcal\/mol), with stable interaction patterns observed during the molecular dynamics simulations. ADMET predictions suggested generally acceptable pharmacokinetic properties, although relatively high lipophilicity may require further structural optimization. Functional evaluation was performed by using checkerboard combination assays and ethidium bromide accumulation experiments. In the checkerboard assay, PBSA-7 reduced bacterial growth when combined with ciprofloxacin compared to the antibiotic alone, suggesting that the compound may enhance the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against MRSA under the tested conditions. Ethidium bromide accumulation assays showed increased intracellular fluorescence, indicating potential interference with bacterial efflux pump activity. Taken together, these findings suggest that PBSA-7 may act as a potential efflux pump inhibitor associated with NorA- and MepA-mediated resistance mechanisms in MRSA, highlighting its possible role as an antibiotic adjuvant. However, further experimental studies are required to confirm the underlying mechanism and evaluate its therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c00919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:02:05Z","timestamp":1790193725000},"page":"58606-58616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated\n                    <i>In silico<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Evaluation of Piperine\nDerivatives as Potential\nEfflux Pump Inhibitors in Methicillin-Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ihfar Apriyati","family":"Ilham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasanuddin University , , , ,","place":["Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 90245"]},{"name":"Hasanuddin University , , , ,","place":["Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 90245"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi Rofian","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasanuddin University , , , ,","place":["Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 90245"]},{"name":"Hasanuddin University , , , ,","place":["Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 90245"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7704-5471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muh. 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Commun."},{"key":"2026100610490292700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104766","article-title":"Efflux Pumps\nin Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Current\nStatus and Challenges in\nthe Discovery of Efflux Pumps Inhibitors","volume":"152","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb.\nPathog."},{"key":"2026100610490292700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105753","article-title":"Chemical Synthesis,\nMolecular Docking and MepA Efflux Pump Inhibitory Effect by 1,8-Naphthyridines\nSulfonamides","volume":"160","author":"Oliveira-Tintino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026100610490292700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200704135837","article-title":"An Update on Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Monteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2026100610490292700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32388\/JHP92F","article-title":"Inhibiting\nEfflux Pumps and Resistance Mechanisms: A Mini Review","author":"Abusaiba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qeios"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610490292700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390601062054","article-title":"Black Pepper\nand Its Pungent Principle-Piperine: A Review of Diverse Physiological\nEffects","volume":"47","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610490292700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12246","article-title":"Piperine-The Bioactive\nCompound of Black Pepper: From Isolation to Medicinal Formulations","volume":"16","author":"Gorgani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"2026100610490292700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"070001","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0094726","article-title":"Forced Degradation\nStudies on the\nPiperine-Based Benzene Sulfonylamidine: The Effect of Acid, Base,\nand Peroxide on Its Stability","volume":"2543","author":"Aswad","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610490292700_cit12","first-page":"319","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Piperine on\nAcrAB-TolC Efflux Pump in Fluroquinolone Resistant Escherichia coli\nIsolates from Bovine Mastitis Milk Samples","volume":"10","author":"Vanishree","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"issue":"87","key":"2026100610490292700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10242","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc46055j","article-title":"Coupling Reaction of\nThioamides with Sulfonyl Azides: An Efficient Catalyst-Free Click-Type\nLigation under Mild Conditions","volume":"49","author":"Aswad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026100610490292700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4568","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144568","article-title":"Protein\u2013Ligand\nDocking in\nthe Machine-Learning Era","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100610490292700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21256","article-title":"AutoDock4\nand AutoDockTools4: Automated\nDocking with Selective Receptor Flexibility","volume":"30","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. 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Infect.\nDis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610490292700_cit24","first-page":"171","article-title":"Identification of Efflux\nPump-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by the Ethidium Bromide-Agar\nCartwheel Method","volume":"25","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610490292700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2213777","article-title":"Synthesis,\nStructural, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antibiotic Modifying\nActivity, ADMET Study, Molecular Docking and Dynamics of Chalcone\n(E)-1-(4-Aminophenyl)-3-(4-Nitrophenyl)Prop-2-En-1-One in Strains\nof Staphylococcus aureus Carrying NorA and MepA Efflux\nPumps","volume":"42","author":"Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610490292700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01306-05","article-title":"Synthesis of Omeprazole Analogues\nand Evaluation of These as Potential Inhibitors of the Multidrug Efflux\nPump NorA of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"51","author":"Vidaillac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610490292700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-00994-9","article-title":"Structural Basis\nfor Inhibition of the Drug Efflux\nPump NorA from Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"18","author":"Brawley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"2026100610490292700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8995","article-title":"Structural Basis for\nthe Blockade of MATE Multidrug Efflux Pumps","volume":"6","author":"Radchenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100610490292700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/BS.APCSB.2015.09.004","article-title":"Molecular\nDynamics: New Frontier in Personalized Medicine","volume":"102","author":"Sneha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610490292700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.33435\/tcandtc.1396721","article-title":"Potency of Bisindoles\nfrom Caulerpa racemosa in Handling Diabetes-Related\nComplications: In Silico ADMET Properties and Molecular\nDocking Simulations","volume":"8","author":"Aswad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. Comput. Theor. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610490292700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-020-0661-0","article-title":"Natural Based\nPiperine Derivatives\nas Potent Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: An In Silico ADMET Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies","volume":"14","author":"Dhiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Chem."},{"key":"2026100610490292700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.100916","article-title":"A Simple\nMethod for Quantitating Confocal Fluorescent Images","volume":"25","author":"Shihan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c00919","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/58606\/68626450\/acsomega.6c00919.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/58606\/68626450\/acsomega.6c00919.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:11:00Z","timestamp":1791299460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/58606\/5436944\/Integrated-In-silico-and-In-Vitro-Evaluation-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c00919","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}