{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:52:30Z","timestamp":1787071950965,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42402167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42402167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging, Jilin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEEI20251244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEEI20251244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Water blocking severely restricts gas mobility in tight sandstone reservoirs because of capillary-dominated retention of aqueous phases within micro\u2013nanopore systems. This study establishes an integrated experimental framework to quantify the full-process evolution of water blocking\u2500from water invasion and entrapment to gas displacement and supercritical CO2 (SC\u2013CO2) treatment. Vacuum-assisted water saturation, pressure-controlled N2 displacement, and SC\u2013CO2 shut-in soaking experiments were conducted on tight sandstone cores, and multiscale characterization methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thin-section casting, were used. The results show that water invasion follows a three-stage temporal pattern, with rapid initial imbibition causing most of the water-blocking damage. Conventional N2 displacement effectively removes mobile water from pore domains with NMR-equivalent radii larger than approximately 300 nm, but it fails to mobilize capillary-trapped water in smaller pore domains, yielding displacement efficiencies less than 40%. SC\u2013CO2 shut-in soaking significantly alters the pore network through mineral dissolution, possible wettability-related changes, and enlargement of micro\u2013nanothroat structures, leading to enhanced pore connectivity and reduced capillary resistance. Following SC\u2013CO2 pretreatment, the N2 displacement efficiency increases to 50\u201370% and the effective porosity shows a 10\u201320% improvement. The combined SC\u2013CO2\u2013N2 approach has a strong potential for mitigating water blocking in ultratight formations and may provide an experimental basis for future field-scale optimization of gas recovery and CO2-assisted reservoir treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c01235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:35:42Z","timestamp":1785854142000},"page":"47406-47423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Full-Process\nExperimental Evaluation of Water-Blocking\nMitigation in Tight Sandstones by Supercritical CO2 Shut-In\nSoaking Coupled with N2 Displacement"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shuyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0629-2713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuanlong","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4536-0101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wentong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810495198500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1998)026&lt;0595:AMTERB&gt;2.3.CO;2","article-title":"A mechanism to explain\nrift-basin subsidence and stratigraphic patterns through fault-array\nevolution","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810495198500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.03","article-title":"Rift-related\nlinked depositional systems and their seismic expression","volume":"71","author":"Prosser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geol. 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