{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:52:52Z","timestamp":1787071972679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019948","name":"Navsari Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Agricultural Higher Education Project ? i Centre for Advanced Agricultural Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a major spice crop in India, where foliar diseases such as leaf blotch (Taphrina maculans) and leaf spot (Colletotrichum capsici) cause substantial yield losses. A ready-mix formulation of azoxystrobin (18.2%) and difenoconazole (11.4%) is effective against these diseases, but no residue data are available for the agro-climatic conditions of South Gujarat. This two-year field study investigated the persistence, dissipation kinetics, and harvest-time residues of both fungicides in turmeric leaves, soil, and rhizomes using a validated QuEChERS-based LC\u2013MS\/MS method. First-order kinetics adequately described dissipation, with alternative models (FODE and Higuchi) showing no statistically significant improvement. Azoxystrobin half-lives (DT50) ranged from 13.1\u201314.3 days in leaves and 21.5\u201321.6 days in soil, while difenoconazole exhibited DT50 values of 11.9\u201312.2 days in leaves and 24.5\u201325.9 days in soil. The slower soil dissipation of difenoconazole (2.1\u00d7 longer than in leaves) compared to azoxystrobin (1.6\u00d7) is attributed to its higher lipophilicity (log Kow 4.4 vs 2.5) and stronger sorption to soil organic carbon (Koc 1660\u20137740 vs 399\u20131094 mL g\u20131). Residues in turmeric rhizomes at harvest were below the limits of quantification (0.010 mg kg\u20131 for azoxystrobin; 0.005 mg kg\u20131 for difenoconazole) at both recommended and double doses, yielding safety margins exceeding 800-fold relative to established maximum residue limits (8.0 and 4.0 mg kg\u20131, respectively). The extended interval between the last spray and harvest (120\u2013180 days) ensured complete dissipation before rhizome maturity. These findings provide the first baseline residue data for this fungicide combination in turmeric and confirm its safe use under the warm, humid, high-rainfall conditions of South Gujarat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c01375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:20:29Z","timestamp":1785849629000},"page":"47485-47497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistence and\nDissipation Pattern of Azoxystrobin\nand Difenoconazole in Turmeric (\n                    <i>Curcuma longa<\/i>\n                    L.)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Susheel","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Navsari Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Navsari, Gujarat, India, 396450"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lokesh Kumar","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navsari Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Navsari, Gujarat, India, 396450"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dileswar","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University , , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110067"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Nishad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navsari Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Navsari, Gujarat, India, 396450"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0944-1596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chintan","family":"Kapadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navsari Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Navsari, Gujarat, India, 396450"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9001-2555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahul","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mendel University in Brno , , Zemedelska 1 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810491141200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2017.09.009","article-title":"Chemical Profiling\nand Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb. Collected in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Akarchariya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810491141200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091196","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Biological\nActivities of Essential\nOils of Curcuma Species","volume":"10","author":"Dosoky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1201\/b10787-14","article-title":"Turmeric, the\nGolden Spice: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine","volume-title":"Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects","author":"Prasad","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit4","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).\n          .  FAOSTAT\n2023 Global Turmeric Production Report; FAO\nStatistical Database: Rome, Italy, 2023. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL (accessed 2026\u201304\u201309)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810491141200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-3-11","article-title":"Recent Advances\nin the Investigation of Curcuminoids","volume":"3","author":"Itokawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin.\nMed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810491141200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.61.01.0003","article-title":"Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. (White Turmeric): A Review of Its Chemical,\nPharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Properties","volume":"61","author":"Lobo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810491141200_cit7","first-page":"49","article-title":"Diseases\nof Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Their Management","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Spices Aromat. Crops"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810491141200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050843","article-title":"Studies on Taphrina maculans Butler,\nInciting Leaf Spot of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.).\nI. Isolation of the Pathogen","volume":"34","author":"Ahmed","year":"1968","journal-title":"Mycopathol. Mycol.\nAppl."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit9","unstructured":"Joshi, L. K.; Sharma, N. D.\n          Diseases of\nGinger and Turmeric. In  Proceedings of the\nNational Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric, 1982; pp 104\u2013119."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081810491141200_cit10","first-page":"613","article-title":"Epidemiology of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Leaf Spot Caused by Colletotrichum capsici (Butler & Bisby)","volume":"11","author":"Kumawat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharma\nInnov. J."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit11","first-page":"111","article-title":"Leaf Spot\nDisease of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Caused by Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler and Bisby","volume":"7","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"1955","journal-title":"Indian Phytopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810491141200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.24154\/jhs.v8i1.354","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Fungicides against Leaf Blotch of Turmeric\nCaused by Taphrina maculans Butler","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s42360-021-00452-x","article-title":"Management of Leaf\nBlotch (Taphrina maculans Butler) and Leaf Spot (Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby) Diseases\nin Turmeric through Ready-Mix Fungicides under Field Conditions","volume":"75","author":"Gohel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Phytopathol."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit14","unstructured":"FOCUS.\n          \n          Guidance Document on Estimating Persistence\nand Degradation Kinetics from Environmental Fate Studies on Pesticides\nin EU Registration; Report of the FOCUS Work Group on Degradation\nKinetics, EC Document Reference SANCO\/10058\/2005, version\n2.0; European Commission, 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810491141200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i1ac.8554","article-title":"Effect\nof Soil Amendments on Persistence of Hexaconazole and Tebuconazole\nin Soil and Its Residues in Tomato","volume":"8","author":"Ramani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J.\nChem. Stud."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810491141200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14963","article-title":"Dissipation Kinetics and Health Risk Assessment of Certain Insecticides\nApplied In\/On Tomato under Open Field and Poly-House Conditions","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit17","unstructured":"SANTE.\n          .  Guidance Document on Pesticide Analytical\nMethods for Risk\nAssessment and Post-Approval Control and Monitoring Purposes; SANTE\/2020\/12830; 2020. https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2021-03\/pesticides_ppp_app-proc_guide_res_mrl-guidelines-2020-12830.pdf (accessed 2026\u201304\u201309)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810491141200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2000.00472425002900050001x","article-title":"Simulation\nof Pesticide Persistence in the Field on the Basis of Laboratory Data:\nA Review","volume":"29","author":"Beulke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810491141200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/03601230902997477","article-title":"Modelling the Dissipation\nKinetics of Six Commonly\nUsed Pesticides in Two Contrasting Soils of New Zealand","volume":"44","author":"Sarmah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810491141200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.17516\/1997-1389-2016-9-2-185-196","article-title":"The Kinetics of\nFungicide and Herbicide Release from\nSlow-Release Formulations Prepared from Degradable Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"9","author":"Prudnikova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sib. Fed. Univ., Biol."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit21","first-page":"163","article-title":"Mathematical\nTreatment of the Rate of Loss of Pesticide Residues","volume":"9","author":"Hoskins","year":"1961","journal-title":"FAO Plant Prot. Bull."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit22","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).\n          .  40 CFR 180.507\u2500Azoxystrobin;\nTolerances for Residues. Code of Federal\nRegulations, Title 40. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-40\/section-180.507 (accessed 2026\u201304\u201309)."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit23","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).\n          .  40 CFR \u00a7 180.475\u2500Difenoconazole;\nTolerances for Residues. Code of Federal\nRegulations, Title 40. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-40\/section-180.475 (accessed 2026\u201304\u201309)."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810491141200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.9734\/ejnfs\/2024\/v16i101562","article-title":"Degradation Pattern and Safety Evaluation of Azoxystrobin in Tomato\nFruit","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"European J. Nutr. Food Saf."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026081810491141200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32820","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09557-8","article-title":"Persistence\nand Dissipation Study\nof Azoxystrobin, Buprofezin, Dinocap and Hexaconazole on Mango (Mangifera indica L.)","volume":"27","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nPollut. Res."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit26","unstructured":"Banasiak, U.; Funk, S.; Hamilton, D. J.; Lunn, D.; MacLachlan, D.; Ossendorp, B.; Tasheva, M.\n          Pesticide Residues in Food 2010: Evaluations,\nPart I\u2500Residues; Joint FAO\/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues;\nFAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 206; Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810491141200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2016.1248141","article-title":"Dissipation of Difenoconazole in Apples Used for Production\nof Baby Food","volume":"52","author":"Szpyrka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part\nB"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810491141200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae4040055","article-title":"Dissipation of Preharvest\nPesticides on \u2018Clementine\u2019\nMandarins after Open Field Application and Their Persistence when\nStored under Conventional Postharvest Conditions","volume":"4","author":"Besil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810491141200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13071123","article-title":"Residue Degradation\nand Risk Assessment of Difenoconazole and Its Metabolite during Tea\nGrowing, Processing, and Brewing by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2013Tandem\nMass Spectrometry Determination","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810491141200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802716f","article-title":"Effect of Organic Manure on Sorption\nand Degradation of Azoxystrobin\nin Soil","volume":"57","author":"Ghosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126303","article-title":"Degradation\nof Difenoconazole\nin Water and Soil: Kinetics, Degradation Pathways, Transformation\nProducts Identification and Ecotoxicity Assessment","volume":"418","author":"Man","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6897","article-title":"Development\nand Application of a Numerical Dynamic Model for Pesticide Residues\nin Apple Orchards","volume":"78","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"2026081810491141200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.093","article-title":"Modeling the Effect of Adsorption on the Degradation\nRate of Propiconazole in Profiles of Polish Luvisols","volume":"161","author":"Paszko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810491141200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6897-7","article-title":"In Vitro and Field Efficacy of Fungicides\nagainst Sheath Blight of\nRice and Post-Harvest Fungicide Residue in Soil, Husk, and Brown Rice\nUsing Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"190","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810491141200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5958\/2249-524X.2022.00028.0","article-title":"Persistence of Azoxystrobin\nand Difenoconazole in Tomato Fruits Following Application of Ready\nMix Formulation and Decontamination by Household Processing","volume":"34","author":"Godara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Res. J."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c01375","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/32\/47485\/66335092\/acsomega.6c01375.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/32\/47485\/66335092\/acsomega.6c01375.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:04Z","timestamp":1787069524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/32\/47485\/5237048\/Persistence-and-Dissipation-Pattern-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c01375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}