{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:24:49Z","timestamp":1786465489179,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-0074-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-0074-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar?a de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chloride-based additive engineering has become nearly indispensable in the development of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with the majority of record-setting devices achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCE) exceeding 25% using methylammonium chloride (MACl) as a processing additive. However, the extreme process sensitivity and consequent irreproducibility associated with MACl incorporation are rarely addressed. Here, we systematically investigate MACl-processed FA0.9Cs0.1Pb(I0.9Br0.1)3 films and show that MACl\u2013assisted processing can act as a double-edged strategy. Under nominally identical processing conditions, a minority of samples exhibit strong photoluminescence (PL) enhancement, whereas the majority display PL quenching despite their larger grain sizes. Using complementary techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), line-profile analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and time-resolved PL (TRPL), we attribute this bimodal response to compositional and structural heterogeneity, including halide-segregated domains and nonuniform microstrain that increase trap-assisted nonradiative recombination. To mitigate this instability, we replace volatile MACl with a reduced-volatility chloride additive derived from a stoichiometric MACl\/PbCl2 precursor (1:1 molar ratio, hereafter MCP chloride additive). At optimal additive concentration (5 mol %), the MCP-5 yields single-phase diffraction signatures, homogenized PL, and substantially extended carrier lifetimes, increasing the average lifetime by a factor of \u223c7\u20139 (from \u223c180 ns to \u223c1.3\u20131.6 \u03bcs). In n\u2013i\u2013p PSCs, MCP-5-based devices yield modest but representative efficiencies, with a best PCE of 12.03%, a \u223c20% relative efficiency gain, and a 30 mV increase in open-circuit voltage compared to MACl-20-treated devices, together with reduced device-to-device variability. Short-term humidity tests on unencapsulated cells (70\u201375% relative humidity, 24 h) further show improved PCE retention for MCP\u20135 compared to MACl\u201320 and control devices. Overall, these results identify MACl-assisted processing-induced heterogeneity as a key source of irreproducibility and establish MCP chloride additive processing routes as a promising approach to more reproducible mixed-halide PSCs, while highlighting the need for future long-term stability studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c01439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:17:39Z","timestamp":1785849459000},"page":"45815-45831","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stoichiometric\nMACl\/PbCl2 Additive Engineering\nfor Improved Reproducibility and Carrier Lifetime in FA\/Cs Mixed-Halide\nPerovskite Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3749-5910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vishal","family":"Viswakarman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional (Cinvestav) , , Av. Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional, 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco , , Co\u0301digo Postal ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07360"]},{"name":"Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM , UMR 7252 , ,","place":["Limoges, France, F-87000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8552-357X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel","family":"Garci\u0301a Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional (Cinvestav) , , Av. Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional, 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco , , Co\u0301digo Postal ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07360"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional (Cinvestav) , , Av. Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional, 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco , , Co\u0301digo Postal ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07360"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-1842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johann","family":"Boucle\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM , UMR 7252 , ,","place":["Limoges, France, F-87000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110182083600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physc.2020.1353669","article-title":"Newly Synthesized A-Site\nOrdered Cubic-Perovskite Superconductor (Ba0.54K0.46)4Bi4O12: A DFT\nInvestigation","volume":"574","author":"Rubel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. C"},{"key":"2026081110182083600_cit2","unstructured":"Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart | Photovoltaic\nResearch | NLR\n          2025\n          https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/cell-efficiency. (accessed December\n15, 2025)."},{"key":"2026081110182083600_cit3","unstructured":"Perovskite solar\ncells: Progress continues in efficiency, durability,\nand commercialization - The American Ceramic Society\n          2025\n          https:\/\/ceramics.org\/https:\/\/ceramics.org\/ceramic-tech-today\/perovskite-solar-cells-progress-2025\/. (accessed December 15, 2025)."},{"issue":"6773","key":"2026081110182083600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adw8780","article-title":"Homogenized Chlorine Distribution for &gt; 27% Power Conversion Efficiency\nin Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"390","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110182083600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202400348","article-title":"Exploring\nthe Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Characteristics of Lead-Free Cs2TiBr6\nDouble Perovskite Solar Cells: A DFT and SCAPS-1D Investigations","volume":"11","author":"Hossain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110182083600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202300751","article-title":"An In-Depth Investigation\nof the\nCombined Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Properties of Lead-Free Cs2AgBiBr6\nDouble Perovskite Solar Cells Using DFT and SCAPS-1D Frameworks","volume":"10","author":"Uddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026081110182083600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22466","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c00306","article-title":"Deep Insights\ninto the Coupled Optoelectronic\nand Photovoltaic Analysis of Lead-Free CsSnI3 Perovskite-Based Solar\nCell Using DFT Calculations and SCAPS-1D Simulations","volume":"8","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026081110182083600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.107025","article-title":"Investigation\nof Heavy Thallium Perovskites\nTlGeX3 (X = Cl, Br and I) for Optoelectronic and Thermoelectric Applications: A DFT Study","volume":"37","author":"Bouhmaidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110182083600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE01634F","article-title":"Efficient and Stable\nFormamidinium\u2013Caesium\nPerovskite Solar Cells and Modules from Lead Acetate-Based Precursors","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110182083600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-02073-x","article-title":"All-Perovskite Tandem\nSolar Cells\nAchieving &gt; 29% Efficiency with Improved (100) Orientation in Wide-Bandgap\nPerovskites.","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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Mater."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026081110182083600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15688","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA03117A","article-title":"Bandgap Tuning\nStrategy by Cations and Halide Ions of Lead Halide Perovskites Learned\nfrom Machine Learning","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026081110182083600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.01.012","article-title":"Crystallization\nTailoring of Cesium\/Formamidinium Double-Cation Perovskite for Efficient\nand Highly Stable Solar Cells","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110182083600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62125-x","article-title":"Enhanced\nStability and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar\nCells via Mixed-Metal Chalcohalide-Alloyed Formamidinium Lead Iodide","volume":"16","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110182083600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.6b00158","article-title":"Tracking\nIodide and Bromide Ion Segregation\nin Mixed Halide Lead Perovskites during Photoirradiation","volume":"1","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026081110182083600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq8345","article-title":"High Grain\nBoundary Recombination Velocity in Polycrystalline Metal Halide Perovskites","volume":"8","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081110182083600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4813","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE02543D","article-title":"Modulating\nthe Deep-Level Defects and Charge Extraction for Efficient Perovskite\nSolar Cells with High Fill Factor over 86%","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110182083600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c02403","article-title":"Halide Mixing Inhibits\nExciton Transport in Two-Dimensional Perovskites Despite Phase Purity","volume":"7","author":"Seitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081110182083600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202301105","article-title":"On the Origin of Energetic\nDisorder in Mixed Halides Lead Perovskites","volume":"12","author":"Diez-Cabanes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110182083600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0190465","article-title":"Impact of Photoinduced Phase Segregation in Mixed-Halide Perovskite\nAbsorbers on Their Material and Device Stability","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"APL Energy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110182083600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE00788A","article-title":"Preventing Phase Segregation in Mixed-Halide Perovskites:\nA Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Knight","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110182083600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.07.005","article-title":"The Influence\nof Strain on Phase Stability in Mixed-Halide\nPerovskites","volume":"6","author":"Muscarella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081110182083600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab047","article-title":"Strain\nin Perovskite Solar Cells: Origins, Impacts\nand Regulation","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026081110182083600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00278G","article-title":"Strain Effects on Halide\nPerovskite Solar Cells","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110182083600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c03334","article-title":"Strain\nEngineering: Reduction of Microstrain at the Perovskite Surface via\nAlkali Metal Chloride Treatment Enhances Stability","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110182083600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0097704","article-title":"Additive Engineering\nfor Highly Efficient and Stable\nPerovskite Solar Cells","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110182083600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53941\/matsus.2025.100013","article-title":"Additive Engineering\nin Crystallization Regulation\nof Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell","volume":"1","author":"Arslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"MatSus"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026081110182083600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11746","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5c02332","article-title":"Passivation Performance\nin Defect Perovskites Favors\nWeaker Lewis Donors","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110182083600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50016-6","article-title":"Shallow-Level\nDefect Passivation by 6H Perovskite Polytype for Highly Efficient\nand Stable Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026081110182083600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu3459","article-title":"Strain Relaxation in Halide Perovskites via 2D\/3D Perovskite\nHeterojunction Formation","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"90","key":"2026081110182083600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13394","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC04177H","article-title":"Advances in\nChloride Additives for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells: Multiple\nPoints of View","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110182083600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst14050399","article-title":"Influence\nof MACl on the Crystallization Kinetics of\nPerovskite via a Two-Step Method","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026081110182083600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202307104","article-title":"Influence of Methylammonium Chloride\non Wide-Bandgap Halide Perovskites Films for Solar Cells","volume":"34","author":"Guaita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026081110182083600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211742","article-title":"Chloride-Based\nAdditive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Wide-Bandgap Perovskite\nSolar Cells","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110182083600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.1c00830","article-title":"In Situ Methylammonium\nChloride-Assisted Perovskite Crystallization Strategy for High-Performance\nSolar Cells","volume":"4","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081110182083600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c13566","article-title":"Deciphering the\nRoles of MA-Based Volatile Additives for \u03b1-FAPbI3 to Enable\nEfficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"145","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\nAm. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026081110182083600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27900","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c12755","article-title":"Deciphering\nReaction Products in\nFormamidine-Based Perovskites with Methylammonium Chloride Additive","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110182083600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306280","article-title":"Eliminating Halogen Vacancies Enables\nEfficient MACL-Assisted Formamidine\nPerovskite Solar Cells","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026081110182083600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12040","article-title":"\u039cethylammonium Chloride: A\nKey Additive for Highly Efficient, Stable, and Up-Scalable Perovskite\nSolar Cells","volume":"2","author":"Kosmatos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026081110182083600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202301061","article-title":"Methylammonium Chloride\nas a Double-Edged Sword for\nEfficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026081110182083600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.167671","article-title":"Methylammonium Chloride or Guanidinium Chloride as an Additive to\nImprove Performance of 2D Alternating Cation Perovskite Solar Cells:\nA Direct Comparison","volume":"933","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026081110182083600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202102538","article-title":"Propylammonium Chloride\nAdditive for Efficient and\nStable FAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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