{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1793481388539,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/TMD-EWO-WTI\/2K19\/EWFH\/2019\/214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/TMD-EWO-WTI\/2K19\/EWFH\/2019\/214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The pervasive presence of triclosan (TCS) in the aquatic system poses a serious environmental concern due to its toxicity and persistence. The primary reason is the inefficient removal of TCS from the sewage treatment plant, which contaminates the water body. Biological treatment is one of the emerging, eco-friendly, and cost-effective methods generally employed for removing pollutants, including TCS. In the present work, a cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis, free algal cells, and algal cells immobilized in alginate beads were utilized as biosorbents to evaluate the biosorption of TCS in aqueous solution. Removal efficiency, kinetic modeling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reusability of biomass were assessed. A maximum removal efficiency of 100% was achieved in 48 h when exposed to a 2 mg L\u20131 TCS concentration by Spirulina alginate beads (SAB) compared to free algal cells. SAB exhibited a higher biosorption rate and 93.48% removal efficiency after four successive treatment cycles. Kinetic study revealed that the TCS adsorption followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model, as indicated by a higher correlation coefficient value. The SEM showed the changes in surface topography of the biosorbent. Thus, this study provides new insights into the effectiveness and reusability of alginate-immobilized cyanobacterial systems for the removal of TCS, highlighting their potential for sustainable water treatment applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c01867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T22:48:55Z","timestamp":1787438935000},"page":"47612-47625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Green Technology for the Removal of Emerging Pollutant\nTriclosan Using Immobilized Biomass of the Cyanobacterium\n                    <i>Spirulina platensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1127-3103","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kundan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya Prakash","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megha Kadam","family":"Bedekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR- Research Centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyabhavan , Bhidia Plot, , ,","place":["Veraval, Gujarat, India, 362 269"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritam","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhautik D.","family":"Savaliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education , , , ,","place":["Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026082218485355800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00648-18","article-title":"Biochemical and structural basis of triclosan resistance\nin a novel enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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Water Process Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082218485355800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11050131","article-title":"Comparative\nkinetic analysis of triclosan degradation under UV-C and simulated\nsolar irradiation","volume":"11","author":"Gonza\u0301lez-Ferna\u0301ndez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Separations"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082218485355800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.7791","article-title":"Treatability of Diclofenac and Triclosan Solutions\nby Catalytic and Photocatalytic Oxidation Processes","volume":"100","author":"Topkaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026082218485355800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118567166.ch11","article-title":"Biological Principles\nof Mass Cultivation of Photoautotrophic Microalgae","volume-title":"Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Applied Phycology and\nBiotechnology","author":"Richmond","year":"2013"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026082218485355800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121363","article-title":"Spirulina Extract Enhanced a Protective\nEffect in Type 1 Diabetes by Anti-Apoptosis and Anti-ROS Production","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026082218485355800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172227","article-title":"Spirulina-based carbon\nmaterials as adsorbents for drinking water taste and odor control:\nRemoval efficiency and assessment of cyto-genotoxic effects","volume":"927","author":"Antonopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082218485355800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00888-3","article-title":"A Review on Techno-Economic\nAssessment of Spirulina for Sustainable Nutraceutical,\nMedicinal, Environmental, and Bioenergy Applications","volume":"12","author":"Musa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026082218485355800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3390\/w11081555","article-title":"The Use of Algae\nand Fungi for Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Bioremediation and Biosorption\nProcesses: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026082218485355800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.129","article-title":"Algal-Based\nRemoval Strategies for Hazardous Contaminants from the Environment\u2013A\nReview","volume":"665","author":"Tolboom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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