{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:52:55Z","timestamp":1787071975671,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004346","name":"Alcoa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Alliance-Avantage-2020-557053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Alliance-Avantage-2020-557053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRQNT-B3-357820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRQNT-B3-357820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REGAL FRQNT-2024-RSMA-340932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REGAL FRQNT-2024-RSMA-340932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aluminum industry is looking to reduce its carbon footprint, and one possible pathway to achieve this goal is to switch from fossil to biomass carbon sources. Bio-pitch (BP) has shown potential to be used as the binder in carbon anodes, but it has a low coking value (CV). In our previous work, a hybrid bio-binder (HBB) was prepared when fine calcined petroleum coke (fine-CPC) between 0\u201330 wt % was added to bio-oil during its thermal treatment up to 180 \u00b0C to improve the CV of BP. Compared with BP, the CV of HBB increased monotonically with increasing concentration of fine-CPC to bio-oil, but the viscosity decreased when fine-CPC concentration was added between 5\u201310 wt %. This decrease in viscosity was unexpected, and the current work aims to explain this phenomenon. The possible phenomena were the activation of fine-CPC by bio-oil or the cracking of the bio-oil catalyzed by fine-CPC. Fine-CPC residues were solvent-separated from the BP phase in HBB for chemical and surface analysis, and the soluble phase of the BP was collected for molecular analysis. The results did not show an indication of the fine-CPC activation. The low concentrations of fine-CPC, along with the higher presence of low molecular weight compounds in the BP phase of HBB as revealed by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry, suggest that the reduction of viscosity of HBB when fine-CPC was added to the bio-oil between 5\u201310 wt % results from the catalytic effect by fine-CPC. Understanding the reduction of viscosity with the addition of fine-CPC could be leveraged in the mixing process of raw materials for carbon anode formulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c01883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:02:10Z","timestamp":1785934930000},"page":"47545-47555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization\nof Interactive Behavior between Bio-Pitch\nand Fine Calcined Petroleum Coke in a Hybrid Bio-Binder for Carbon\nAnodes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6915-7259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie Aimee","family":"Tuyizere Flora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1065 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1065 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3310-8790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Laliberte\u0301-Riverin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1065 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1065 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-7954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thierry","family":"Ollevier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1045 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1065 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3045-2182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Houshang","family":"Alamdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1065 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]},{"name":"Universite\u0301 Laval , , 1065 avenue de la Me\u0301decine , , ,","place":["Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada, G1V 0A6"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s40828-022-00162-5","article-title":"Aluminium production process: from\nHall\u2013He\u0301roult to modern smelters","volume":"8","author":"Ratvik","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemTexts"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit2","unstructured":"Institute, I. A.\n          \n          Primary Aluminium\nGreenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity; International\nAluminium2024. https:\/\/international-aluminium.org\/statistics\/greenhouse-gas-emissions-primary-aluminium\/?publication=greenhouse-gas-emissions-intensity-primary-aluminium."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.146994","article-title":"Towards carbon-negative\nprimary aluminium\nproduction: Integrating biomass resources and renewable electricity","volume":"534","author":"Dardor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit4","unstructured":"Sandstro\u0308m, J.; Van Heusden, R.\n          Aluminium\nfor climate: Exploring pathways to decarbonize the aluminium industry; World Economic Forum in collaboration with Accenture, Cologny, Switzerland, 2020. https:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Aluminium_for_Climate_2020.pdf (accessed 13 September 2024)."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(99)00007-6","article-title":"Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass","volume":"4","author":"Bridgwater","year":"2000","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c00618","article-title":"Biopitch as a Binder for Carbon Anodes:\nImpact on Carbon Anode Properties","volume":"9","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain.\nChem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit7","unstructured":"Laliberte\u0301-Riverin, S.; Tuyizere Flora, M. A.; Alamdari, H.\n          A\nStudy of Volatiles Emitted During Bio-Oil Upgrading to Bio-Pitch. In  TRAVAUX 54, Proceedings of the 43rd International ICSOBA\nConference; presented in part at the 43rd International ICSOBA\nConference, Proceedings: Nanning, China, 2025; pp 1235\u20131245. 26\u201331 October 2025; Nanning."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2026.147914","article-title":"Evaluation of bio-oil fractions from woody biomass pyrolysis as precursors\nfor bio-binder in anode manufacture","volume":"550","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cleaner\nProd."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit9","unstructured":"McIntyre, J.; Berg, B.; Seto, H.; Borchardt, S.\n          Comparison\nof Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions\nof Various Electricity Generation Sources. World Nuclear Association, 2011. www.world-nuclear.org (accessed\n26 April 2023)."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117875","article-title":"Bio-pitch as a binder\nin carbon anodes for aluminum production: Bio-pitch properties and\nits interaction with coke particles","volume":"275","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026081810494586300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11772","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c03903","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of\nbio-pitch from bio-oil","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123300","article-title":"Biobased tar pitch\nproduced from biomass pyrolysis oils","volume":"318","author":"Elkasabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2026.147863","article-title":"A comparative\nlife\ncycle assessment of coal-tar pitch-based and bio-pitch-based carbon\nanode production for sustainable aluminium","volume":"550","author":"Osei","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12406","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c04941","article-title":"Biochar as\nan Additive to Modify Biopitch Binder for Carbon Anodes","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810494586300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-024-00901-7","article-title":"Catalytic Effect of\nIron and Titanium on the Microstructure and Properties of Biopitch\nAnodes","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Metall."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit16","unstructured":"Tuyizere Flora, M. A.; Gauvin, G.; Laliberte\u0301-Riverin, S.; Lauzon-Gauthier, J.; Ollevier, T.; Alamdari, H.\n          Bio-pitch\nImprovement for Coal Tar Pitch Replacement in Pre-baked Anodes. In  TRAVAUX 52, Proceedings of the 41st International ICSOBA\nConference, Dubai, 5\u20139; ICSOBA 2023: Dubai, 2023; pp 1047\u20131059. November, presented in part\nat the 41st International ICSOBA Conference, Proceedings, Dubai, UAE,\n5\u20139 November 2023."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(00)00070-9","article-title":"Chemical activation\nof high sulfur petroleum cokes\nby alkali metal compounds","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200540","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.08.0540","article-title":"Comparative\nStudy of the Effects of Various Activation\nMethods on the Desulfurization Performance of Petroleum Coke","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.11.103","article-title":"Conversion\nof petroleum coke into\nvaluable products using oxy-cracking technique","volume":"215","author":"Manasrah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810494586300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-017-0603-5","article-title":"Activated\ncarbons for applications in catalysis: the point of view of a physical-chemist","volume":"28","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.201000131","article-title":"The Influence of Carbonaceous Material\non the Melting Behaviour of\nMould Powder","volume":"81","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.02.078","article-title":"Effects of heating rate on the evolution of bio-oil\nduring its pyrolysis","volume":"163","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7608","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.2c01475","article-title":"Evolution of Stable\nFree Radicals during Bio-Oil Pyrolysis and Its\nRelation to Coke Formation: An in Situ EPR Study","volume":"36","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit24","first-page":"414","article-title":"Silica-alumina based\ncatalytic cracking of bio-oil using double series reactor","volume":"8","author":"Narno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810494586300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112579","article-title":"Catalyst-Enhancing\nHydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Hydrochar and Liquid Fuel\nProduction A Review","volume":"17","author":"Rasaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2021.07.014","article-title":"Improving\nhydrocarbons and phenols in bio-oil through catalytic pyrolysis of\npine sawdust","volume":"99","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2018.548","article-title":"Rheology of dense granular suspensions","volume":"852","author":"Guazzelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1122\/1.548848","article-title":"A Mechanism\nfor Non-Newtonian Flow in Suspensions of\nRigid Spheres","volume":"3","author":"Krieger","year":"1959","journal-title":"T. Soc. Rheol."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit29","volume-title":"A handbook of elementary\nrheology","author":"Barnes","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit30","first-page":"41","article-title":"Pyrolysis liquids analyses:\nThe results of IEA-EU round robin. In","volume-title":"Fast\nPyrolysis of biomass: a handbook","author":"Oasmaa","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1559-6_35","article-title":"Wood Tar Pitch: Analysis and\nConceptual Model of its Structure","volume-title":"Developments\nin thermochemical biomass conversion","author":"Pasa","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit32","volume-title":"Solvents and solvent\neffects in organic chemistry","author":"Reichardt","year":"2011","edition":"4"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7693","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b01085","article-title":"Variations in the True\nDensity and Sulfur Removal Forms of Petroleum Coke during an Ultrahigh-Temperature\nDesulfurization Process","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1018-3639(18)30807-9","article-title":"Thermal Desulphurization\nof Syrian Petroleum Coke","volume":"17","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.\nEng. Sci."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit35","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Anode Manufacture:\nRaw Materials Formulation and Processing Parameters","author":"Hulse","year":"2000","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2516\/stet\/2024018","article-title":"Effect of Fe, Ni, and Co on the hydrothermal liquefaction of Chinese\nherb residue for bio-oil production","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Technol.\nEnergy Transition"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2019.106123","article-title":"Catalytic\ncracking of biomass tar together with syngas production over red brick\npowder-supported nickel catalysts","volume":"194","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel Process.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.11.041","article-title":"Char and char-supported\nnickel catalysts\nfor secondary syngas cleanup and conditioning","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690440418","article-title":"Steam reforming of naphthalene on\nNi-Cr\/Al2O3 catalysts doped with MgO, TiO2, and La2O3","volume":"44","author":"Bangala","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIChE\nJ."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.05.115","article-title":"Synergistic\neffects of metallic Fe\nand other homogeneous\/heterogeneous catalysts in hydrothermal liquefaction\nof woody biomass","volume":"176","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2019.01.017","article-title":"Enhanced bio-crude\nyield and quality by reductive hydrothermal liquefaction of oak wood\nbiomass: Effect of iron addition","volume":"139","author":"De Caprariis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl.\nPyrolysis"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040892","article-title":"Poly(lactic\nAcid)-Biochar Biocomposites:\nEffect of Processing and Filler Content on Rheological, Thermal, and\nMechanical Properties","volume":"12","author":"Arrigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-023-03108-1","article-title":"Biochar from Digestate Pyrolysis\nas a Filler for Biopolymer Blends: Effect of Blend Composition","volume":"32","author":"Infurna","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(03)00185-6","article-title":"Catalytic cracking of tar component\nfrom high-temperature fuel gas","volume":"23","author":"Dou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Therm.\nEng."},{"key":"2026081810494586300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2014.507","article-title":"Rheology of sheared\nsuspensions of rough frictional particles","volume":"757","author":"Gallier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\nFluid Mech."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c01883","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/32\/47545\/66378141\/acsomega.6c01883.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/32\/47545\/66378141\/acsomega.6c01883.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:47Z","timestamp":1787069567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/32\/47545\/5242127\/Characterization-of-Interactive-Behavior-between"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c01883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}