{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:13:19Z","timestamp":1788437599896,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the usability of bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus NRRL B-759 (Komagataeibacter xylinus) as a membrane filter and to determine the shortest incubation time for obtaining the BC membrane with an effective removal capacity. BC production of this bacterium was found to be dependent on incubation time (day), and the properties of the membranes produced on each day were then examined in detail. BC formed on the third day showed a suitable peak structure and ideal formation of the cellulose structure, as determined by FTIR and X-ray analyses, respectively. SEM analysis also confirmed that the membrane structure obtained on the third day was optimal. All membranes produced from the second day onward exhibited sufficient mechanical properties. TGA and DSC analyses showed that the BC membrane structures were thermally stable at approximately 200 \u00b0C and exhibited suitable flexibility at 20 \u00b0C. To evaluate the potential of BC membranes as filters, the prepared Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions were filtered through the third-day BC membranes under sterile conditions. No bacteria were detected in the filtrate, indicating the effective microorganism retention. Reusability tests revealed that these membranes could be repeatedly used in the filtration process. SEM, EDX analyses, and surface elemental mapping of the membranes used for filtration of E. coli and S. aureus showed that the bacterial cells on the membrane surface and unlike the pure membranes (the membranes without filtration) exhibited the presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur peaks. The results of this study demonstrated that BC membranes could be used effectively in microorganism-filtration applications. The BC membrane may also serve as an effective biologic material for filtration of various pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c01921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T04:01:24Z","timestamp":1787198484000},"page":"50839-50852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial Cellulose\nProduction, Characterization,\nand Its Use as a Membrane Filter for Microorganism"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bahar","family":"Samyeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inonu University , , ,","place":["Malatya, Turkey, 44280"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8801-7987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filiz","family":"Boran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inonu University , , ,","place":["Malatya, Turkey, 44280"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0038-6575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ozfer","family":"Yesilada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inonu University , , ,","place":["Malatya, Turkey, 44280"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-278X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suleyman","family":"Koytepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inonu University , , ,","place":["Malatya, Turkey, 44280"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-014-0051-x","article-title":"Contamination\nof water resources by pathogenic bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"AMB\nExpress"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307190683300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5993","article-title":"Nanocellulose\nwater treatment membranes and filters: a review","volume":"69","author":"Mautner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117130","article-title":"Bacterial nanocellulose\npapers with high porosity for\noptimized performance and rejection of nm-sized pollutants","volume":"251","author":"Mautner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110583","article-title":"Credibility\nof polymeric and ceramic membrane filtration\nin the removal of bacteria and virus from water: A review","volume":"268","author":"Goswami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.07.053","article-title":"Solar water\ndisinfection (SODIS):\nA review from bench-top to roof-top","volume":"235\u2013236","author":"McGuigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307190683300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-020-02746-5","article-title":"Bacterial\ncellulose membranes for environmental water remediation and industrial\nwastewater treatment","volume":"17","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118359686","volume-title":"Membrane technology\nand applications","author":"Baker","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.11.023","article-title":"Membrane technology\nenhancement in oil-water separation. A review","volume":"357","author":"Padaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090307190683300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13249","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00451","article-title":"Facile postprocessing alters the\npermeability and selectivity o microbial cellulose ultrafiltration\nmembranes","volume":"54","author":"Holland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.110","article-title":"Strategies\nfor cost-effective and enhanced production of bacterial cellulose","volume":"102","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.255","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose:\nFrom production optimization to new applications","volume":"164","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2019.00007","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose as a raw material for food and\nfood packaging applications","volume":"3","author":"Azeredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Sust. Food\nSyst."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.056","article-title":"Bacterial\ncellulose:\nA promising biopolymer with interesting properties and applications","volume":"220","author":"Navya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151665","article-title":"Removal of\ncadmium and chromium heavy\nmetals from aqueous medium using composite bacterial cellulose membrane","volume":"490","author":"Mir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307190683300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3390\/w15112025","article-title":"Design and modeling\nof a biotechnological nanofiltration module using bacterial cellulose\nmembranes for the separation of oily mixtures","volume":"15","author":"Medeiros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit16","first-page":"855","article-title":"Characterization of\ncellulose membranes produced by Acetobacter xylinum","volume":"24","author":"Wanichapichart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2023.112446","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose: Recent advances\nin biosynthesis, functionalization\nstrategies and emerging applications","volume":"199","author":"Muiruri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Polym.\nJ."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.154959","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted\npreparation of Fe(OH)3@bacterial cellulose aerogel\nfor efficient removal of organic contamination in water","volume":"607","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307190683300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-024-02826-4","article-title":"Molasses-Grown\nBacterial Cellulose\nas a Filter Membrane to Filter Bacteria, Wastewater, and Oil","volume":"16","author":"Saejung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"issue":"34","key":"2026090307190683300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38440","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c01126","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose production in\ndried apricot extract\nmedium: Experimental\/theoretical characterization and application\nin yeast immobilization for dye removal","volume":"10","author":"Boran","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS\nOmega"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090307190683300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.53952","article-title":"Laccase immobilization\non bacterial cellulose produced in a mulberry pomace waste extract\nmedium: Characterization and use for dye decolorization","volume":"140","author":"Unlu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.09.094","article-title":"Distillery effluent as a potential\nmedium for bacterial cellulose production: A biopolymer of great commercial\nimportance","volume":"250","author":"Jahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.12.028","article-title":"Bacterial\ncellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum ATCC\n23767 using tobacco waste extract as culture medium","volume":"274","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307190683300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-011-9547-6","article-title":"The continuing\ndebate over the structure of cellulose: Historical perspective and\noutlook","volume":"18","author":"Chanzy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307190683300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-014-0228-0","article-title":"100 years of cellulose\nfiber diffraction and the emergence\nof complementary techniques","volume":"21","author":"French","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307190683300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19370200134","article-title":"Positions des atomes\ndans le nouveau (modele spatiall)de la cellulose","volume":"20","author":"Meyer","year":"1937","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307190683300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/00382167.1984.9629531","article-title":"The structure of cellulose by conformational\nanalysis. Part 3: crystalline\nand amorphous structure of cellulose I","volume":"131","author":"Pizzi","year":"1984","journal-title":"South.\nAfr. For. J."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090307190683300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.04.077","article-title":"Investigation\ninto\nthe structural, morphological, mechanical and thermal behaviour of\nbacterial cellulose after a two-step purification process","volume":"102","author":"Gea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307190683300_cit29","first-page":"118","article-title":"Overview\non native cellulose and\nmicrocrystalline cellulose I structure studied by X-ray diffraction\n(WAXD): Comparison between measurement techniques","volume":"89","author":"Terinte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lenzinger Ber."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.007","article-title":"Design of reusable\nnovel membranes based on bacterial cellulose and chitosan for the\nfiltration of copper in wastewaters","volume":"193","author":"Urbina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr.\nPolym."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.12.020","article-title":"Use of\na bacterial cellulose filter for the removal of oil from wastewater","volume":"91","author":"Galdino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem"},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.121509","article-title":"Biosynthesis and\ncharacterization of bacterial cellulose\nmembranes presenting relevant characteristics for air\/gas filtration","volume":"674","author":"Fatima","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026090307190683300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117220","article-title":"Sustainable, superhydrophobic\nmembranes based on bacterial cellulose for gravity-driven oil\/water\nseparation","volume":"253","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c01921","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/50839\/66887235\/acsomega.6c01921.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/50839\/66887235\/acsomega.6c01921.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:19:11Z","timestamp":1788434351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/34\/50839\/5277236\/Bacterial-Cellulose-Production-Characterization"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c01921","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}