{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:24:10Z","timestamp":1786465450461,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022831","name":"Saglik Bilimleri ??niversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate novel nadolol (NDL)-loaded microemulsions for oral application. Microemulsions were prepared using a pseudoternary phase diagram through the aqueous titration method. The optimum formulation constituted a mixture of cinnamon oil as the oil phase, Tween 20 as the surfactant, propylene glycol:ethanol as cosurfactants, and distilled water as the water phase. The selected formulation was loaded with 4% NDL. Droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), \u03b6-potential, conductivity, pH, refractive index, viscosity, thermodynamic stability, storage stability, and in vitro drug release were evaluated in characterization studies. Cell culture and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) were investigated. Cell studies were performed in order to understand the cytocompatibility by using the (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method and the permeation of NDL by using the Caco-2 cell line. To estimate the permeability values, SPIP was carried out with female Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. An ideal NDL-loaded microemulsion formulation showed an average 1.01 \u00b1 0.07 nm droplet size, 0.46 \u00b1 0.04 PDI, and \u221210.26 \u00b1 0.87 mV \u03b6-potential. pH, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index values of an ideal NDL-loaded formulation were found to be 5.88 \u00b1 0.02, 76.67 \u00b1 5.77 cP, 201.70 \u00b1 0.00 \u03bcS\/cm, and 1.42 \u00b1 0.00, respectively. In the SPIP study, an ideal NDL-loaded microemulsion formulation was found to have 5.826 times higher NDL permeability compared to a pure NDL solution, and the estimated fraction of the substance absorbed in humans was determined to be 39.821 \u00b1 9.202%. It was found to have suitable thermodynamic and storage stability. This study showed that NDL-loaded microemulsions can serve as promising oral drug delivery systems for antihypertensive purposes. The developed NDL-loaded microemulsion significantly improved permeability and predicted oral absorption while maintaining safety, indicating strong potential as an effective oral formulation. These results suggest that it may enhance therapeutic outcomes in hypertension, although further in vivo and clinical studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c02057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:15:52Z","timestamp":1785849352000},"page":"45964-45976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced Bioavailability\nof Nadolol via Cinnamon Oil-Based\nMicroemulsions: Formulation, Characterization, Cell Culture, and\n                    <i>In Situ<\/i>\n                    Intestinal Perfusion Studies"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Esra","family":"I\u0307pekci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences , , ,","place":["I\u0307stanbul, Turkey, 34668"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre S\u0327.","family":"C\u0327ag\u0306lar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences , , ,","place":["I\u0307stanbul, Turkey, 34668"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2917-2407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mustafa S.","family":"Kaynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anadolu University , , ,","place":["Eskis\u0327ehir, Turkey, 26470"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evren","family":"Gu\u0308ndog\u0306du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ege University , , ,","place":["I\u0307zmir, Turkey, 35040"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3210-3747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neslihan U\u0308stu\u0308ndag\u0306","family":"Okur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences , , ,","place":["I\u0307stanbul, Turkey, 34668"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yamp.2021.06.005","article-title":"The Importance of Use of Genetics\nto Guide Hypertension Therapy: Using \u03b2-Blockade as an Example","volume":"4","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_97","article-title":"Treatment of Hypertension: Which\nGoal for Which Patient?","volume":"2","author":"Jarraya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23303","article-title":"Hypertension in\nOlder Adults: Assessment,\nManagement, and Challenges","volume":"43","author":"Oliveros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110171435400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313220","article-title":"Adherence in Hypertension","volume":"124","author":"Burnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ.\nRes."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101676","article-title":"Therapeutic\nAspect\nof MicroRNA Inhibition in Various Types of Hypertension and Hypertensive\nComplications","volume":"29","author":"Preethi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110171435400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2021.01.037","article-title":"Improvement of Oral\nBioavailability and Anti-Tumor Effect of Zingerone Self-Microemulsion\nDrug Delivery System","volume":"110","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120202","article-title":"Oral Bioavailability\nImprovement of Felodipine Using\nTailored Microemulsion: Surface Science, Ex Vivo and in Vivo Studies","volume":"596","author":"Koli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.12.022","article-title":"An Update\non Oral Drug Delivery via\nIntestinal Lymphatic Transport","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm.\nSin. B"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.08.016","article-title":"Guidelines\nfor the Management of Hypertension","volume":"101","author":"Chobanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin.\nNorth Am."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081110171435400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.005","article-title":"Harmonization of the American College\nof Cardiology\/American\nHeart Association and European Society of Cardiology\/European Society\nof Hypertension Blood Pressure\/Hypertension Guidelines: Comparisons,\nReflections, and Recommendations","volume":"80","author":"Whelton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll.\nCardiol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit11","unstructured":"PubChem.\n          . Nadolol:\nC17H27NO4. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Nadolol#section=3D-Conformer (accessed June 28, 2021)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.DMPK-12-RG-111","article-title":"Effects of Itraconazole, Dexamethasone\nand Naringin\non the Pharmacokinetics of Nadolol in Rats","volume":"28","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit13","unstructured":"ClinicalKey.\n          . Nadolol. https:\/\/0210s39pf-y-https-www-clinicalkey-com.sbu.proxy.deepknowledge.io\/#!\/content\/drug_monograph\/6-s2.0-421 (accessed May 21, 2021)."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104587","article-title":"\u03b2-Blockers:\nTheir New Life from Hypertension to Cancer and Migraine","volume":"151","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit15","unstructured":"DrugBank Online.\n          . Nadolol. https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB01203 (accessed March 10, 2021)."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820466-5.00009-0","article-title":"Oral Drug Delivery of Nanomedicine","volume-title":"Theory and Applications of Nonparenteral Nanomedicines","author":"Sahoo","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1021\/mp070028i","article-title":"Biopharmaceutics Classification of Selected \u03b2-Blockers: Solubility\nand Permeability Class Membership","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit18","volume-title":"Farmaso\u0308ti\u0307k\nTeknoloji\u0307","author":"O\u0308zgen","year":"2016","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JDDST.2020.102008","article-title":"A Review on Developments and Prospects of Anti-Inflammatory\nin Microemulsions","volume":"60","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081110171435400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00050-0","article-title":"Microemulsion Formulation\nfor Enhanced Absorption of\nPoorly Soluble Drugs: II. In Vivo Study","volume":"81","author":"Kawakami","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\nControlled Release"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.833630","article-title":"Physicochemical and\nPharmacological Investigation of Water\/Oil Microemulsion of Non-Selective\nBeta Blocker for Treatment of Glaucoma","volume":"39","author":"Hegde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lat.\nAm. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119851","article-title":"Formulation\nof Plumbagin Loaded Microemulsion:\nEvaluation of Anti-Rheumatoid Efficacy in Wistar Rat Model","volume":"363","author":"Khichariya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101735","article-title":"The Preparation, Characterization,\nand Stability Evaluation of a Microemulsion-Based Oral Spray Containing\nClove Oil for the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis","volume":"57","author":"Monton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103248","article-title":"Microemulsions as Nanocarriers\nfor Oral and Transdermal Administration of Enoxaparin","volume":"70","author":"Alkrad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2021.1944206","article-title":"Ocular Microemulsion of Brinzolamide:\nFormulation, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro irritation\nstudies based on EpiOcular eye irritation assay","volume":"26","author":"Siafaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110171435400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03650","article-title":"Microemulsion-Based\nApproach for Oral Delivery of Insulin: Formulation Design and Characterization","volume":"6","author":"Momoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081110171435400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.05.005","article-title":"Microemulsion\nUtility\nin Pharmaceuticals: Implications for Multi-Drug Delivery","volume":"526","author":"Callender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081110171435400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0135","article-title":"Novel Ocular Drug\nDelivery Systems: An Update on Microemulsions","volume":"36","author":"Okur","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.08.015","article-title":"Docetaxel Microemulsion for Enhanced\nOral Bioavailability: Preparation and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation","volume":"140","author":"Yin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110171435400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2174\/156720106777731118","article-title":"Applications of Microemulsion\nBased Drug Delivery System","volume":"3","author":"Jadhav","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Delivery"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.52783\/JCHR.V15.I2.7983","article-title":"Exploring\nTherapeutic Applications of Cinnamon Oil\nand Its Microemulsion: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"15","author":"Perumal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chem. Health Risks"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110171435400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010002","article-title":"Microemulsion\nof\nCinnamon Essential Oil Formulated with Tea Polyphenols, Gallic Acid,\nand Tween 80: Antimicrobial Properties, Stability and Mechanism of\nAction","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104327","article-title":"Ibuprofen\nSolubility and Cytotoxic\nStudy of Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Xylitol, Choline Chloride\nand Water","volume":"82","author":"Lomba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit34","unstructured":"Waters Corporation.\n          . Nadolol, 2003."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0114","article-title":"Novel Ofloxacin-Loaded Microemulsion Formulations for\nOcular Delivery","volume":"30","author":"U\u0308stu\u0308ndag-Okur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110171435400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.01.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Burn Wound Healing Activity of Novel Fusidic Acid Loaded\nMicroemulsion Based Gel in Male Wistar Albino Rats","volume":"28","author":"Okur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902022e20123","article-title":"New Topical Microemulsions\nof Etofenamate as Sufficient Management of Osteoarthritis","volume":"58","author":"Okur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110171435400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/jsde.12549","article-title":"Rosmarinus\nOfficinalis L. Essential Oil Encapsulated in New Microemulsion Formulations\nfor Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"25","author":"Karadag\u0306","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Surfactants\nDeterg."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.03.005","article-title":"Colloids and Surfaces B\u202f:\nBiointerfaces Formulation Optimization and in Situ Absorption in Rat\nIntestinal Tract of Quercetin-Loaded Microemulsion","volume":"71","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081110171435400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-021-00076-0","article-title":"Drug Delivery Systems\nfor the Photodynamic Application of Two Photosensitizers Belonging\nto the Porphyrin Family","volume":"20","author":"Malacarne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol.\nSci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c13-00051","article-title":"Preparation and\nEvaluation of Microemulsion Formulations of Naproxen for Dermal Delivery","volume":"62","author":"Okur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2022.106159","article-title":"Formulation Development, Optimization\nby Box-Behnken Design, Characterization, in Vitro, Ex-Vivo, and in\nVivo Evaluation of Bosentan-Loaded Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery\nSystem: A Novel Alternative Dosage Form for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension\nTreatment","volume":"174","author":"Usta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110171435400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450903479988","article-title":"Ocular Ciprofloxacin\nHydrochloride Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Coated Liposomes","volume":"16","author":"Abdelbary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.12991\/mpj.201620065652","article-title":"Radioactive Permeability\nStudies of Doxycycline Hyclate from Microemulsion and Solution","volume":"20","author":"I\u0307lem-O\u0308zdemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marmara Pharm. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110171435400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201820666230214091509","article-title":"Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of\nDomperidone Maleate: Formulation, In Vitro Permeability Evaluation\nIn-Caco-2 Cell Monolayers and In Situ Rat Permeability Studies","volume":"21","author":"Okur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.12991\/jrp.2018.100","article-title":"Comparison of Intestinal Permeability of Nebivolol\nHydrochloride Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles with Commercial Nebivolol\nTablet","volume":"22","author":"Go\u0308kc\u0327e","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110171435400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2174\/1573412912666160422151409","article-title":"Application\nof HPLC to Investigate the Physicochemical Properties and Intestinal\nPermeability of Ketoprofen","volume":"13","author":"Kaynak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00183-1","article-title":"Intestinal\nDrug Efflux: Formulation and Food Effects","volume":"50","author":"Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv.\nDrug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12551","article-title":"Effect of\nPermeability Enhancers\non Paracellular Permeability of Acyclovir","volume":"68","author":"Ates","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\nPharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/195727","article-title":"Drug Solubility:\nImportance and Enhancement\nTechniques","volume":"2012","author":"Savjani","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102470","article-title":"Evaluation of Essential Oil Extracted\nfrom Ginger, Cinnamon and Lemon for Therapeutic and Biological Activities","volume":"44","author":"Rasool","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103107","article-title":"Development\nand Optimization of Finasteride-Cinnamon Oil-Loaded Ethanol-Free Microemulsions\nfor Transdermal Delivery","volume":"69","author":"Duangjit","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJPHARM.2020.119939","article-title":"Influence of Polysorbates (Tweens)\non Structural and Antimicrobial Properties for Microemulsions","volume":"590","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104181","article-title":"Design, Development\nand Evaluation of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Pazopanib\nfor Enhanced Dissolution Rate and Cytotoxic Potential","volume":"80","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.01.015","article-title":"Duloxetine\nLoaded-Microemulsion System to Improve Behavioral Activities by Upregulating\nSerotonin and Norepinephrine in Brain for the Treatment of Depression","volume":"99","author":"Sindhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.04.016","article-title":"Study of Cosurfactant\nEffect on Nanoemulsifying Area and Development of Lercanidipine Loaded\n(SNEDDS) Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System","volume":"86","author":"Parmar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101325","article-title":"Oral Delivery of Coix Seed Oil in\no\/w Microemulsion: Preparation,\nCharacterization, and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit58","volume-title":"Current\nDevelopments\nin Excipient Science: Implication of Quantitative Selection of Each\nExcipient in Product Development","author":"Kar","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081110171435400_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS12111052","article-title":"Liquid and Solid Self-Emulsifying\nDrug Delivery Systems (SEDDs) as Carriers for the Oral Delivery of\nAzithromycin: Optimization, In Vitro Characterization and Stability\nAssessment","volume":"12","author":"Assi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384947-2.00249-X","article-title":"Emulsifiers: Types\nand Uses","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Food and Health","author":"Miller","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.10.157","article-title":"Effect of Alcohols on Water Solubilization in Surfactant-Free\nDiesel Microemulsions","volume":"8","author":"Abrar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2015.1131716","article-title":"Preparation\nand Evaluation of Novel Microemulsion-Based Hydrogels for Dermal Delivery\nof Benzocaine","volume":"22","author":"Okur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.104090","article-title":"Preparation,\nOptimization, and In\nVitro Drug Release Study of Microemulsions of Posaconazole","volume":"79","author":"Oskouei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.23893\/1307-2080.APS.05524","article-title":"Formulation\nof Microemulsions for Dermal Delivery of Cephalexin","volume":"55","author":"Okur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102158","article-title":"Role of Triclosan\nMicroemulsion against Triclosan Resistant Clones of Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"61","author":"Franklyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104166","article-title":"Hesperidin Microemulsion:\nFormulation\nOptimization, Characterization, and in Vitro Evaluation","volume":"80","author":"Suthar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.017","article-title":"DLS and Zeta\nPotential \u2013 What They Are and What They Are Not?","volume":"235","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081110171435400_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11110567","article-title":"Classification\nof WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional\nPediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System","volume":"11","author":"Delmoral-Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110171435400_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.07.061","article-title":"Microemulsions Containing Long-Chain Oil Ethyl Oleate\nImprove the\nOral Bioavailability of Piroxicam by Increasing Drug Solubility and\nLymphatic Transportation Simultaneously","volume":"511","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Pharm."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit70","first-page":"327","article-title":"Development\nof Microemulsion for Solubility Enhancement of Clopidogrel","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpx.2023.100185","article-title":"Tackling Acne Vulgaris by Fabrication\nof Tazarotene-Loaded Essential Oil-Based Microemulsion: In Vitro and\nin Vivo Evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Badawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081110171435400_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.05.031","article-title":"Optimizing Surfactant\nContent to Improve Oral Bioavailability of\nIbuprofen in Microemulsions: Just Enough or More than Enough?","volume":"471","author":"You","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103277","article-title":"A Microemulsion-Based Gel of Isotretinoin and Erythromycin Estolate\nfor the Management of Acne","volume":"71","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1408643","article-title":"Oral Bioavailability Enhancement of Raloxifene by Developing Microemulsion\nUsing D-Optimal Mixture Design: Optimization and in-Vivo Pharmacokinetic\nStudy","volume":"44","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103872","article-title":"Enhanced Anti-Cataract\nEffect of Microemulsion Containing Cineraria Maritima: Formulation,\nOptimization and in Vivo Evaluation","volume":"77","author":"Durgapal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug\nDelivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820757-4.00018-1","article-title":"In Vitro Physicochemical Characterization\nof Nanocarriers: A Road to Optimization","volume-title":"Nanoparticle Therapeutics: Production Technologies, Types of Nanoparticles,\nand Regulatory Aspects","author":"Goel","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116881","article-title":"Formulation\nand Characterization of Curcumin-Loaded Microemulsions: Evaluation\nof Antioxidant Stability and in Vitro Release","volume":"336","author":"Amuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110171435400_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02762-5","article-title":"Novel Microemulsion Containing Benzocaine\nand Fusidic Acid Simultaneously: Formulation, Characterization, and\nIn Vitro Evaluation for Wound Healing","volume":"25","author":"Arpa","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS\nPharmSciTech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110171435400_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.11.052","article-title":"Study on the\nIntestinal Permeability of Lamivudine Using Caco-2 Cells Monolayer\nand Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi\nJ. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081110171435400_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.07.011","article-title":"Improving\nOral Bioavailability of Metformin Hydrochloride Using Water-in-Oil\nMicroemulsions and Analysis of Phase Behavior after Dilution","volume":"473","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110171435400_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s22673","article-title":"Improvement\nof Effect of Water-in-Oil\nMicroemulsion as an Oral Delivery System for Fexofenadine: In Vitro\nand in Vivo Studies","volume":"6","author":"Gundogdu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02057","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/31\/45964\/66324501\/acsomega.6c02057.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/31\/45964\/66324501\/acsomega.6c02057.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:00:31Z","timestamp":1786460431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/31\/45964\/5236376\/Enhanced-Bioavailability-of-Nadolol-via-Cinnamon"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}