{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:24:21Z","timestamp":1786465461451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ketamine enantiomers differ neurophysiologically, yet their specific influence on sensory cortical oscillations remains unclear. Characterizing the electrophysiological signatures of S-ketamine (KS) versus racemic ketamine (KSR) in the visual cortex\u2500a region highly sensitive to NMDA blockade\u2500can improve understanding of enantiomer-specific neural modulation and anesthetic depth. This study compared the temporal dynamics of cortical oscillations induced by KS and KSR in rat visual cortices during dissociative anesthesia. Adult Wistar rats received KS (50 mg\/kg), KSR (50 mg\/kg), or saline. Visual cortex electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings were obtained for 15 min, segmented into three phases. Power spectral density was calculated across delta to gamma bands (1\u201340 Hz), and linear power means were compared. KSR produced a deep, stable suppression of oscillatory activity across all frequency bands throughout the recording. Conversely, KS exhibited time-dependent modulation, with a pronounced late-phase increase in delta and theta power, indicating anesthetic superficialization. Furthermore, KS preserved relatively higher overall beta and gamma power, whereas KSR displayed a persistent high-beta elevation (24\u201328 Hz) typical of NMDA blockade. Ultimately, KSR maintains a stable suppressive pattern, while KS produces late-phase enhancement of slow rhythms. These distinct electrophysiological profiles highlight enantiomer-specific neural dynamics relevant for anesthetic choice and mechanistic modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c02093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:01:04Z","timestamp":1785128464000},"page":"45977-45984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Electrocorticographic\nSignatures of\n                    <i>S<\/i>\n                    -Ketamine and Racemic Ketamine\nin the Rat Visual\nCortex Across Temporal Phases"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0189-7246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Axell","family":"Lins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8771-9784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luciana","family":"Eiro\u0301-Quirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana Vasconcelos","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella Rocha","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leti\u0301cia Cerqueira","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Fernando Duarte","family":"de Andrade Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile de Almeida","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ro\u0302mulo Augusto Feio","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoto da Cunha","family":"Hayasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano Welter","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heitor Quaresma","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Bernardo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraa\u0303o Estevam","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moise\u0301s","family":"Hamoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 (UFPA) , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5935\/cadernosdisturbios.v18n1p31-46","article-title":"New trends in the use of ketamine in depressive disorders: implications\nfor offspring development","volume":"18","author":"Zaccarelli-Magalha\u0303es","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cad. PostGrad. Dev.\nDisord."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507x.20220027-en","article-title":"Ketamine use in critically ill patients: a\nnarrative review","volume":"34","author":"Midega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928969","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1928969","article-title":"Application\nof ketamine in pain management and the\nunderlying mechanism","volume":"2023","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15040465","article-title":"Ketamine and other NMDA antagonists: early clinical trials and possible\nmechanisms in depression","volume":"172","author":"Newport","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104736","article-title":"Postnatal functional\ninactivation of the ventral subiculum enhances dopaminergic responses\nin the nucleus accumbens following ketamine injection in adult rats","volume":"137","author":"Saoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44443-6","article-title":"Effects of NMDA-receptor\nblockade by ketamine on mentalizing and\nits neural correlates in humans: a randomized control trial","volume":"13","author":"Wasserthal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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Neurosci."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06272-9","article-title":"The effect of ketamine\nand D-cycloserine on the high-frequency resting\nEEG spectrum in humans","volume":"240","author":"Nottage","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.12.006","article-title":"Neurobiology of the rapid-acting\nantidepressant effects of ketamine: impact and opportunities","volume":"90","author":"Shinohara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.02.022","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects\nof racemic ketamine and (S)-ketamine on spinal\ncord injury in rats","volume":"43","author":"Kose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223145","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1223145","article-title":"Antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine: a review\nof\nactions with relevance to treatment-resistance and neuroprogression","volume":"17","author":"Lullau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit12","first-page":"1195657","article-title":"Mechanism\nof antidepressant effect of ketamine and\nits enantiomers","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283858","article-title":"Rodent visual gamma as a biomarker\nof pathological neural conditions","volume":"602","author":"Meneghetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1368-19.2020","article-title":"Electrocorticogram (ECoG) is highly informative in primate visual\ncortex","volume":"40","author":"Kanth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit15","unstructured":"Welle, C. G.\n          \n          Gamma Oscillations\nin the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex as an Endophenotype of Schizophrenia, Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations, University\nof Pennsylvania, 2010; Vol. 458."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.05.037","article-title":"Differential effects\nof NMDA receptor antagonists at lower and higher\ndoses on basal gamma-band oscillation power in rat cortical electroencephalograms","volume":"85","author":"Hiyoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811251352454","article-title":"High-frequency\noscillations in the mammalian brain\nafter ketamine and other NMDA receptor antagonists","volume":"39","author":"Hunt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit18","volume-title":"The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic\nCoordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"2005","edition":"5"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00114","article-title":"Electroencephalographic effects of ketamine on power, cross-frequency\ncoupling, and connectivity in the alpha bandwidth","volume":"8","author":"Blain-Moraes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.07.008","article-title":"Ketamine-induced changes\nin regional cerebral blood flow, interregional\nconnectivity patterns, and glutamate metabolism","volume":"117","author":"Bryant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2022.110967","article-title":"Ketamine for procedural\nsedation and analgesia in children: a systematic\nreview","volume":"83","author":"Midega","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61961-9","article-title":"Comparison of tuning properties of gamma and high-gamma power in\nLFP versus ECoG in visual cortex","volume":"10","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit23","article-title":"Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine\nanesthesia in humans","volume":"11","author":"Akeju","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2402732121","article-title":"Ketamine can\nproduce oscillatory\ndynamics by engaging mechanisms dependent on the kinetics of NMDA\nreceptors","volume":"121","author":"Adam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200202000-00022","article-title":"Cognitive\nimpairment after small-dose\nketamine isomers in comparison to equianalgesic racemic ketamine in\nhuman volunteers","volume":"96","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn147","article-title":"ECoG gamma activity\nduring a language task: differentiating expressive\nand receptive speech areas","volume":"131","author":"Towle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00100","article-title":"Power modulations of ECoG alpha\/beta and gamma bands\ncorrelate with\nthe time-derivative of force during hand grasp","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.11.1105","article-title":"Dynamics of striate cortical activity\nin the alert macaque: I. Incidence and stimulus dependence of gamma-band\nneuronal oscillations","volume":"10","author":"Friedman-Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"2026081110185877100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14373","article-title":"Pharmaco-electroencephalographic\nresponses in the rat differ between\nactive and inactive locomotor states","volume":"50","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J.\nNeurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110185877100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.08.048","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of\nS-ketamine and R-ketamine and their active metabolites\nafter racemic ketamine or S-ketamine intravenous administration in\ndogs sedated with medetomidine","volume":"47","author":"Noemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth.\nAnalg."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02093","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/31\/45977\/66245499\/acsomega.6c02093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/31\/45977\/66245499\/acsomega.6c02093.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:00:53Z","timestamp":1786460453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/31\/45977\/5231689\/Comparative-Electrocorticographic-Signatures-of-S"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}