{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:47:03Z","timestamp":1792784823482,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Academic Leadership Program of Kazan Federal University (PRIORITY-2030)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05256ym39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"JSC BIOCAD"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models are increasingly used in cancer research because they reproduce several features of solid tumors that are not represented in conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. In the present study, we developed and optimized spheroid culture conditions for a panel of breast, ovarian, and gastric cancer cell lines grown on low-attachment plates. Spheroid formation, morphology, and growth behavior were assessed during culture, and the resulting models were used for the comparative testing of reference anticancer agents. The established assay framework was further applied to newly developed cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) inhibitor candidates from our in-house compound library. Anticancer activity was evaluated by using AlamarBlue or PrestoBlue viability assays after prolonged drug exposure. Reproducible spheroid formation conditions were identified for the studied cell lines, although notable cell line-specific differences in morphology, growth behavior, and assay duration were observed. Comparative drug testing revealed differences in apparent sensitivity between 2D and 3D cultures depending on the cell line and compound. Several tested CDK7 inhibitor candidates reduced viability in the spheroid models, with iCDK7_1 showing the strongest activity across the evaluated panel. Overall, the study describes and applies a cell line-adapted 3D spheroid assay workflow for comparative evaluation of antiproliferative effects in breast, ovarian, and gastric cancer models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c02322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:02:02Z","timestamp":1790276522000},"page":"58716-58734","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of 3D Spheroid Models of Ovarian, Breast,\nand Gastric Cancer for Comparative Screening of Drug Candidates"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7354-7283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Popov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]},{"name":"Kazan Federal University , , ,","place":["Kazan, Russian Federation, 420008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varvara","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7749-0541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Trofimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Academic University , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 194021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Bulatov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Efremov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Litau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velemir","family":"Lavrinenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]},{"name":"Saint Petersburg Academic University , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 194021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Donskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramziya","family":"Kiyamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Federal University , , ,","place":["Kazan, Russian Federation, 420008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Tyazhelnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC BIOCAD , ,","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 191186"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610504376200_cit1","unstructured":"Ferlay, J.; Ervik, M.; Lam, F.; Laversanne, M.; Colombet, M.; Mery, L.; Pin\u0303eros, M.; Znaor, A.; Soerjomataram, I.; Bray, F.\n          Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (Version\n1.1). International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France. Available\nonline:\n          https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/today (accessed July 01, 2024). 2024."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610504376200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2022.03.014","article-title":"3D cell cultures toward\nquantitative high-throughput drug screening","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610504376200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086949","article-title":"Applications\nand Advances of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids: Challenges in Their\nDevelopment and Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Mitrakas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100610504376200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121186","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Spheroids\nas In Vitro Preclinical Models for Cancer Research","volume":"12","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100610504376200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311963","article-title":"An automated high-content\nscreening and assay platform\nfor the analysis of spheroids at subcellular resolution","volume":"19","author":"Mysior","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610504376200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10627","article-title":"Advances\nin high throughput cell culture technologies for therapeutic screening\nand biological discovery applications","volume":"9","author":"Ryoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng.\nTransl. 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Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610504376200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-021-00591-5","article-title":"Agarose-based spheroid\nculture enhanced stemness and promoted odontogenic differentiation\npotential of human dental follicle cells in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. 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Oncol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610504376200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0078","article-title":"Preclinical Efficacy and Molecular Mechanism of Targeting\nCDK7-Dependent Transcriptional Addiction in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610504376200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.015","article-title":"Phosphoproteomics of Primary Cells\nReveals Druggable\nKinase Signatures in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Francavilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026100610504376200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S86317","article-title":"Selective\nCDK7 inhibition with BS-181 suppresses cell proliferation and induces\ncell cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des., Dev. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610504376200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73680-6","article-title":"Multicellular ovarian cancer spheroids:\nnovel 3D model to mimic tumour complexity","volume":"14","author":"Flo\u0308rkemeier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610504376200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2014.573","article-title":"Three-Dimensional\nCell\nCulture Systems and Their Applications in Drug Discovery and Cell-Based\nBiosensors","volume":"12","author":"Edmondson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev. 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Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610504376200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3709-3","article-title":"Therapy response testing of breast\ncancer in a 3D high-throughput perfused microfluidic platform","volume":"17","author":"Lanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610504376200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18050-1","article-title":"The Microwell-mesh:\nA high-throughput 3D prostate cancer spheroid and drug-testing platform","volume":"8","author":"Mosaad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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Transl.\nOncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610504376200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030360","article-title":"Comparison of Radiation Response between 2D and 3D\nCell Culture Models of Different Human Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"12","author":"Raitanen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02322","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/58716\/68642815\/acsomega.6c02322.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/58716\/68642815\/acsomega.6c02322.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:03:25Z","timestamp":1791299005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/58716\/5437910\/Optimization-of-3D-Spheroid-Models-of-Ovarian"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}