{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:07:01Z","timestamp":1788876421459,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRGS\/1\/2024\/SKK06\/UM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRGS\/1\/2024\/SKK06\/UM\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Carbon is a fundamental element that possesses remarkable engineering versatility due to its unique capacity for diverse solid-state bonding. While carbonaceous matrices hold immense biomedical potential, optimizing their thermal conversion pipelines is mandatory to ensure the complete elimination of raw biological contaminants while preserving material integrity. Among various proteinaceous biomass streams, human hair represents an abundant, globally ubiquitous waste resource that has emerged as a high-potential precursor for engineered functional carbon platforms. Compared to conventional plant-derived or petrochemical alternatives, human hair-derived carbon (HHC) features a unique macromolecular architecture that enables the intrinsic self-doping of biogenic nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) heteroatoms into the emerging graphitic lattice, yielding an optimal electroactive microenvironment for stem cell manufacturing and tissue engineering. This review comprehensively scrutinizes how thermal processing windows (400 \u00b0C\u2013900 \u00b0C) systematically transform the raw proteinaceous matrix into a highly crystalline, conductive carbon framework, fundamentally modulating its mechanical modulus, charge-transfer resistance (Rct), and microporous volumes. Furthermore, we analyze donor-dependent macromolecular variability\u2500including ethnicity, age, and historical cosmetic exposure\u2500and detail the targeted pretreatment chelation protocols required to ensure batch reproducibility and clinical-grade purity. By providing a deep mechanistic understanding of the thermal processing of HHC, this work advances the high-value valorization of municipal biomass waste within the circular bioeconomy paradigm, mitigating environmental liabilities while accelerating sustainable, electro-inductive biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c02453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:20:13Z","timestamp":1787498413000},"page":"52184-52199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Keratinous Human\nHair as a Precursor for Functionalized\nCarbon: Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Structure and Biomedical\nPerformance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3312-8110","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Harriz Iskandar","family":"Yusri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaya , , ,","place":["Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 50603"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushmitha","family":"Rajeev Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaya , , ,","place":["Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 50603"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Safwani","family":"Wan Kamarul Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaya , , ,","place":["Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 50603"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Izza","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Centre , SIRIM Berhad, 1, Persiaran Dato\u2019 Menteri, 7035, Section 2 , , ,","place":["Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, 40700"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090809104851000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361315","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2024.2361315","article-title":"A Review on Recent Developments on\nWaste Human Hair Composite and Its Hybrids","volume":"21","author":"Mbeche","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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