{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:51:18Z","timestamp":1789487478388,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding how fluorinated contaminants interact with porous carbonaceous materials requires to gain insights beyond macroscopic uptake metrics, particularly when heterogeneous pore networks and surface chemistries imply multiple mobility states. Here, we introduce a dynamic-signature approach to rank biochar-fluorinated liquid interactions based on molecular mobility states probed by 19F fast field-cycling (FFC) NMR relaxometry. Two fluorinated model systems, a perfluoropolyether mixture (Galden HT70) and the small-molecule perfluorodecalin (PFD), were investigated as neat liquids and after contact with two activated biochars (APN1 and LP39) characterized by diverse pore architectures and surface chemistries. Inverse Laplace transform (ILT) analysis of selected relaxation decays reveals the emergence of interfacial and confinement-related heterogeneity upon biochar contact, whereas quantitative analysis of 19F nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles using a two-term rotational\u2013translational model yields effective dynamic parameters that encode these interactions. APN1, a predominantly microporous and alkaline carbon, induces moderate perturbations consistent with partial interfacial exchange and confinement, whereas LP39, a high-surface area, mesopore-richer and acidic carbon, produces strongly dispersive NMRD signatures indicative of restricted diffusion and enhanced surface-driven relaxation. These trends are consistent across both fluorinated probes, demonstrating that the observed dynamic signatures primarily reflect biochar physicochemical properties rather than probe-specific chemistry. Overall, the results show that activated biochars can be mechanistically typified by their ability to redistribute fluorinated molecules among bulk-like, interfacial, and confined dynamic states. The dynamic-signature approach presented here provides a complementary, mechanistically grounded perspective to conventional adsorption metrics and offers a pathway toward rational selection of biochars for fluorinated-contaminant retention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c02974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:11:23Z","timestamp":1788325883000},"page":"53882-53890","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ranking Biochar-Fluorinated\nContaminant Interactions\nUsing Dynamic Signatures"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Calogero","family":"Librici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo , , V.le delle Scienze building 4 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5551-6528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paola","family":"Bambina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo , , V.le delle Scienze building 4 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6379-9898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ettore","family":"Madonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo , , V.le delle Scienze building 4 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-7546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberta","family":"Bertani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova , , Via F. Marzolo 9 , ,","place":["Padova, Italy, 35122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0938-953X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paolo","family":"Sgarbossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova , , Via F. Marzolo 9 , ,","place":["Padova, Italy, 35122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5141-7285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Delia Francesca","family":"Chillura Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo , , V.le delle Scienze building 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-0556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paolo","family":"Lo Meo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo , , V.le delle Scienze building 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-1225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pellegrino","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo , , V.le delle Scienze building 4 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1787\/e458e796-en","volume-title":"Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance Series on Risk\nManagement No.61","author":"OECD.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit2","first-page":"1","article-title":"DIRECTIVE (EU) 2020\/2184 OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2020 on the\nQuality of Water Intended for Human Consumption (Recast)","volume-title":"Official Journal of the European Union","author":"European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit3","unstructured":"EPA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).\n          .  PFAS National Primary\nDrinking Water Regulation; Federal Register, 2024; Vol. 89, 32532\u201332930. Https:\/\/Www.Federalregister.Gov\/d\/2024-07773.Fed.Regist."},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit4","article-title":"PFOS and PFOA in Drinking-Water: Background Document\nfor Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality","volume-title":"Water Sanitation and Health","author":"WHO.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091510091967900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00970","article-title":"Sorption of Poly-\nand Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Relevant to Aqueous Film-Forming\nFoam (AFFF)-Impacted Groundwater by Biochars and Activated Carbon","volume":"51","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"January","key":"2026091510091967900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134733","article-title":"Examining Sorption of Perfluoroalkyl\nSubstances (PFAS) in Biochars and Other Carbon-Rich Materials","volume":"302","author":"Fabregat-Palau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091510091967900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2019.1680744","article-title":"Sorption of Perfluoroalkylated\nSubstances (PFASs) onto Granular Activated Carbon and Biochar","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510091967900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1369","article-title":"Predicting Per-\nand Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Removal\nin Pilot-Scale Granular Activated Carbon Adsorbers from Rapid Small-Scale\nColumn Tests","volume":"6","author":"Hopkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"AWWA Water Sci."},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit9","unstructured":"EPA.\n          . PFAS Analytical Methods Development\nand Sampling\nResearch, 2026. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/water-research\/pfas-analytical-methods-development-and-sampling-research."},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit10","unstructured":"EPA.\n          .  Method 533: Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances\nin Drinking Water by Isotope Dilution Anion Exchange Solid Phase Extraction\nand Liquid Chromatography\/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Doc. No. 815-B-19\u2013020, 2019; pp 1\u201352."},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.03.045","article-title":"Enhanced Adsorption of Perfluorooctane\nSulfonate and Perfluorooctanoate by Bamboo-Derived Granular Activated\nCarbon","volume":"282","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026091510091967900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5987","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c10590","article-title":"Effects of Temperature and DC Electric\nFields on Perfluorooctanoic Acid Sorption Kinetics to Activated Carbon","volume":"58","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026091510091967900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11818","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05379","article-title":"Sorption and Desorption\nMechanisms of Cationic and Zwitterionic Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances\nin Natural Soils: Thermodynamics and Hysteresis","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"P2","key":"2026091510091967900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122820","article-title":"Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Activated\nHydrochar Derived from Food Waste: Sorption Performance and Desorption\nHysteresis","volume":"340","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091510091967900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnanoscienceau.3c00022","article-title":"Using 19F\nNMR to\nInvestigate Cationic Carbon Dot Association with Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances (PFAS)","volume":"3","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nanosci. Au"},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115381","article-title":"Removal of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl\nSubstances (PFAS)\nfrom Water by Adsorption: Role of PFAS Chain Length, Effect of Organic\nMatter and Challenges in Adsorbent Regeneration","volume":"171","author":"Gagliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"August","key":"2026091510091967900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132378","article-title":"Coexisting\nIons and Long-Chain per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Inhibit\nthe Adsorption of Short-Chain PFAS by Granular Activated Carbon","volume":"460","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"April","key":"2026091510091967900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134746","article-title":"Groundwater Solutes Influence the\nAdsorption of Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAA) to Colloidal\nActivated Carbon and Impact Performance for in Situ Groundwater Remediation","volume":"474","author":"Mole\u0301","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.05.047","article-title":"Influence\nof Dissolved Organic Matter Concentration and Composition on the Removal\nEfficiency of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) during Drinking Water\nTreatment","volume":"121","author":"Kothawala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091510091967900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11040615","article-title":"Recent Developments in Understanding\nBiochar\u2019s\nPhysical\u2013Chemistry","volume":"11","author":"Conte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"July","key":"2026091510091967900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174962","article-title":"A Critical Review of Biochar for\nthe Remediation of PFAS-Contaminated Soil and Water","volume":"951","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"January","key":"2026091510091967900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.132674","article-title":"Biochar as a Sustainable Solution for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances (PFAS) Removal: Progress, Challenges, and Future Horizons","volume":"365","author":"Ihsanullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091510091967900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112113","article-title":"Functionalized Biochar for the Removal\nof Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Media","volume":"28","author":"Nasrollahpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091510091967900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06487","article-title":"Insight\ninto Multiple and Multilevel Structures of Biochars and Their Potential\nEnvironmental Applications: A Critical Review","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit25","first-page":"141","article-title":"Applications of\nFast Field Cycling NMR Relaxometry","volume-title":"Annual\nReports on NMR Spectroscopy","author":"Conte","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2017.11.001","article-title":"Multiscale\nNuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion of Complex Liquids in Bulk\nand Confinement","volume":"104","author":"Korb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091510091967900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9091637","article-title":"Novel Correlations between Spectroscopic and Morphological\nProperties of Activated Carbons from Waste Coffee Grounds","volume":"9","author":"Rosson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510091967900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1998.1387","article-title":"Uniform-Penalty\nInversion of Multiexponential\nDecay Data","volume":"132","author":"Borgia","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510091967900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.2000.2197","article-title":"Uniform-Penalty\nInversion of Multiexponential\nDecay Data: II. Data Spacing, T2 Data, Systematic Data Errors, and\nDiagnostics","volume":"147","author":"Borgia","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026091510091967900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(01)00270-3","article-title":"Examples of\nMarginal Resolution of\nNMR Relaxation Peaks Using UPEN and Diagnostics","volume":"19","author":"Borgia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510091967900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6420\/33\/1\/015003","article-title":"Uniform Penalty\nInversion of Two-Dimensional NMR Relaxation Data","volume":"33","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091510091967900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.73.679","article-title":"Relaxation Effects\nin Nuclear Magnetic\nResonance Absorption","volume":"73","author":"Bloembergen","year":"1948","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091510091967900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.92.962","article-title":"Nuclear\nSpin Relaxation by Translational Diffusion","volume":"92","author":"Torrey","year":"1953","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091510091967900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1063\/1.431841","article-title":"Dynamic Effects\nof Pair Correlation Functions on Spin\nRelaxation by Translational Diffusion in Liquids","volume":"63","author":"Hwang","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026091510091967900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.70089","article-title":"Advanced Interpretation of Field Cycling NMR Relaxometry Dispersion\nProfiles From Hard and Soft Materials","volume":"64","author":"Faux","year":"2026","journal-title":"Magn.\nReson. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091510091967900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198557040603","article-title":"Reporting Physisorption Data for\nGas\/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface\nArea and Porosity","volume":"57","author":"Sing","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026091510091967900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10927","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CP00582E","article-title":"Beyond Isotropic\nReorientation: Probing Anisotropic\nand Internal Motions in Ionic Liquids with Fast Field Cycling NMR\nRelaxometry and MD Simulations","volume":"27","author":"Kruse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Chem.\nChem. Phys."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02974","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/36\/53882\/67622209\/acsomega.6c02974.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/36\/53882\/67622209\/acsomega.6c02974.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:28:52Z","timestamp":1789482532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/36\/53882\/5350915\/Ranking-Biochar-Fluorinated-Contaminant"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c02974","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}