{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:13:19Z","timestamp":1788437599389,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010897","name":"Newton Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["526061819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["526061819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003033","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["487-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["487-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003033","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["584-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["584-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mesoporous materials are well suited as supports for heterogeneous catalysis because they facilitate the access and mobility of large molecules, thereby improving yields across a range of chemical reactions. Among these, mesoporous carbons can be advantageously synthesized from biobased sources and further functionalized for use as acid catalysts in esterification reactions. This work focuses on the production of an esterification catalyst based on starch-derived mesoporous carbon (Starbon), using cassava starch as the raw material, and compares its performance with that of a conventional corn starch-based (Hylon VII) Starbon. The catalysts were prepared via gelatinization in water, retrogradation, solvent exchange with t-butanol, freeze-drying, and carbonization of expanded starch at 450 \u00b0C, followed by sulfonation with sulfuric acid. The resulting cassava-derived Starbon exhibited a surface area of 263 m2\/g and a mean pore diameter of 8.1 nm, comparable to those of commercial corn-based material (271 m2\/g and 14.5 nm). The catalysts were evaluated in the batch esterification of stearic acid with isopropyl alcohol, and their performance was compared with that of several commercial homogeneous (H2SO4, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid) and heterogeneous (Amberlyst 15, Amberlyst 35) catalysts. Despite performing below homogeneous catalysts, cassava-based Starbon outperformed all heterogeneous catalysts, reaching an apparent turnover frequency of 0.2 mol\u00b7s\u20131\u00b7H+ Equiv\u20131 and a final conversion of 24% after 5 h. Postreaction acidity measurements indicated that the catalyst is chemically stable; however, it suffers from mechanical instability. This is likely due to the high amylopectin content in cassava starch, which hinders the formation of a robust and stable porous structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T23:01:16Z","timestamp":1787180476000},"page":"51004-51016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis and Evaluation\nof a Novel Cassava-Based\nStarbon-Type Mesoporous Catalyst"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Milena A.","family":"Zabala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia , , ,","place":["Bogota\u0301 D.C., Colombia, 111321"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suranjana","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of York , , ,","place":["York, U.K., YO10 5DD"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Panqueba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia , , ,","place":["Bogota\u0301 D.C., Colombia, 111321"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-5601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Orjuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia , , ,","place":["Bogota\u0301 D.C., Colombia, 111321"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5860-2480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James H.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of York , , ,","place":["York, U.K., YO10 5DD"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit1","unstructured":"Data Bridge.\n          , 2025. 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A Gen."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307184871300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.03.035","article-title":"Esterification of\nfree fatty acids\nusing water-tolerable Amberlyst as a heterogeneous catalyst","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12004","article-title":"Analysis\nof isopropyl para-toluenesulfonate in palm-based esters by gas chromatography\nwith flame ionization detection and confirmed with mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Tay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. 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Analysis of Sensitivity of Equilibrium Constant\nto Reaction Conditions for Esterification of Fatty Acids with Alcohols","volume":"52","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118776","article-title":"Optimisation of\nsemi-batch reactive distillation column for the synthesis of methyl\npalmitate","volume":"270","author":"Aqar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090307184871300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6097","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CY00426A","article-title":"An effective modular process for\nbiodiesel manufacturing\nusing heterogeneous catalysis","volume":"6","author":"Dimian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307184871300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1021\/i360002a016","article-title":"Characterization\nof Amberlyst 15. Macroreticular Sulfonic Acid Cation Exchange Resin","volume":"1","author":"Kunin","year":"1962","journal-title":"I&EC Prod. Res. Dev."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit16","unstructured":"DuPont.\n          , 2023. DuPontTM AmberlystTM 15DRY Polymeric Catalyst. Product Data Sheet. Available at https:\/\/www.dupont.com\/content\/dam\/dupont\/amer\/us\/en\/water-solutions\/public\/documents\/en\/IER-AmberLyst-15DRY-PDS-45-D00927-en.pdf (Accessed April 19, 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-2701(96)04183-9","article-title":"Design and control of a reaction\ndistillation column including the recovery system","volume":"36","author":"Bock","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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Environ."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2014.07.008","article-title":"Phosphorylated\nordered mesoporous carbon as a novel solid acid catalyst for the esterification\nof oleic acid","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.10.102","article-title":"Reaction\nkinetics with catalyst deactivation in simultaneous esterification\nand transesterification of acid oils to biodiesel (FAME) over a mesoporous\nsulphonated carbon catalyst","volume":"166","author":"Konwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.02.055","article-title":"Esterification of oleic acid to produce biodiesel catalyzed by sulfonated\nactivated carbon from bamboo","volume":"163","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers.\nManag."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.10.007","article-title":"Bifunctional biomass-based\ncatalyst for biodiesel production\nvia hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) pretreatment \u2013 Synthesis,\ncharacterization and optimization","volume":"156","author":"Abdullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Saf.\nEnviron. Prot."},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.03.015","article-title":"Waste to value\naddition: Utilization of waste corn cob from corn\nplant derived novel green acidic catalyst for effective synthesis\nof esters","volume":"11","author":"Panchal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit48","unstructured":"Mena-Dura\u0301n, C. J.\n          . Synthesis and characterisation of sulfonated Starbons, biobased catalysts, Doctoral dissertation, University of York, 2014."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307184871300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CY01226K","article-title":"Template-free\nsynthesis of porous carbonaceous solid acids with controllable\nacid sites and their excellent activity for catalyzing the synthesis\nof biofuels and fine chemicals","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307184871300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-018-4769-9","article-title":"2018. Freeze-drying\nmethod as a new approach to the synthesis of polyurea aerogels from\nisocyanate and water","volume":"87","author":"Cz\u0142onka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307184871300_cit51","first-page":"19","article-title":"Starbons: Cooking up\nNanostructured Mesoporous Materials","volume":"4","author":"Budarin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Material\nMatters"},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782622277","volume-title":"Porous carbon materials\nfrom sustainable precursors","author":"White","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090307184871300_cit53","unstructured":"Starbon Case Study - Heterogeneous Sulphonic Acid\nCatalysis. 2020. 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