{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:51:08Z","timestamp":1789487468526,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111-2221-E-005-032-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2221-E-005-032-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Conventional remediation technologies, such as soil vapor extraction (SVE) and air sparging combined with SVE (AS-SVE), are often constrained by gas channeling and mass-transfer limitations when treating trichloroethylene (TCE) dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones. To overcome these challenges, this study developed an integrated oxidative foam-enhanced AS-SVE (Oxi-FEAS-SVE) system to improve contaminant accessibility, contaminant mass transfer, and degradation efficiency. The system employed oxidative foam composed of 32 mM \u03b1-olefin sulfonate (AOS) and 1500 mM sodium persulfate (SPS) to replace conventional air injection, with an AS\/SVE flow ratio of 1:1 in a 5 L cylindrical soil reactor. Under these conditions, SVE alone and AS-SVE removed less than 2% of TCE through volatilization, whereas the Oxi-FEAS-SVE system achieved a total removal efficiency of 91% in this laboratory-scale study. This enhanced performance resulted from a two-stage process: an initial 3 h active operation that removed 54% of TCE primarily through DNAPL volatilization, followed by a 48 h static period that contributed an additional 37% removal through oxidative mineralization. Mechanistically, the AOS\/SPS oxidative foam performs dual functions. It enhances interfacial contact area, promoting dissolution and volatilization for SVE capture, while simultaneously generating sulfate radicals via ambient-temperature activation of SPS to sustain oxidative degradation. Detected intermediates (C2H2Cl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, and CH3Cl) suggest degradation pathways involving radical addition, hydrogen abstraction\/addition, and sequential dechlorination. Overall, the Oxi-FEAS-SVE system demonstrates promise as an innovative approach for treating TCE DNAPL source zones, while highlighting the need for additional studies to evaluate its viability under variable site conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:06:27Z","timestamp":1788350787000},"page":"53891-53903","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Foam-Enhanced Air\nSparging Coupled with Soil Vapor\nExtraction for Remediation of Trichloroethylene DNAPL-Contaminated\nSoil"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xuyen Thi Hong","family":"Luong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chung Hsing University , , 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist. , ,","place":["Taichung, Taiwan, 402"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5028-4668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenju","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chung Hsing University , , 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist. , ,","place":["Taichung, Taiwan, 402"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit1","unstructured":"ATSDR.\n          .  Toxic Substances Portal-Trichloroethylene (TCE); Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry\n(ATSDR), 2016. http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit2","unstructured":"UKHSA.\n          .  Trichloroethylene: Properties, Incident Management and\nToxicology; United Kingdom Health Security\nAgency (UKHSA), 2024. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit3","unstructured":"ATSDR; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n          .  Toxicological\nProfile for Trichloroethylene; Agency for\nToxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2019. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/ToxProfiles\/tp19.pdf."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053169","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1053169","article-title":"Recent\nadvances and trends of trichloroethylene biodegradation: A critical\nreview","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109595","article-title":"Effects of trichloroethylene stress\non the microbiological characteristics of Mollisol","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13485","article-title":"Intrinsic and bioaugmented\naerobic trichloroethene degradation at seven sites","volume":"9","author":"Willmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00456.x","article-title":"An overview\nof in situ air sparging","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Groundwater Monit.\nRem."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(98)00079-5","article-title":"Volatilisation and\nbiodegradation during air sparging of dissolved BTEX-contaminated\ngroundwater","volume":"33","author":"Johnston","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00773.x","article-title":"Pulsed air sparging in aquifers contaminated\nwith dense\nnonaqueous phase liquids","volume":"22","author":"Heron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Groundwater Monit.\nRem."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.07.071","article-title":"Surfactant\nfoam technology for in\nsitu removal of heavy chlorinated compounds-DNAPLs","volume":"299","author":"Maire","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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Mol.\nLiq."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05477","article-title":"Compatibility\nof surfactants and thermally activated persulfate for enhanced subsurface\nremediation","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.11.038","article-title":"Compatibility\nof surfactants with activated-persulfate for the selective oxidation\nof PAH in groundwater remediation","volume":"5","author":"Bouzid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nChem. Eng."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2011.06.012","article-title":"Remediation\nof DNAPL-contaminated aquifers using density modification method with\ncolloidal liquid aphrons","volume":"385","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.120837","article-title":"Role of ionic surfactants\non the activation of K2S2O8 for the\nadvanced oxidation processes","volume":"369","author":"Shaeel Al-Thabaiti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.10.034","article-title":"Experimental\nand statistical analysis of trichloroethylene adsorption onto activated\ncarbon","volume":"156","author":"Erto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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Res."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.05.026","article-title":"Influence\nof pH on persulfate oxidation\nof TCE at ambient temperatures","volume":"66","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2005.05.015","article-title":"Reduced formation\nof undesirable\nby-products from photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene","volume":"61","author":"Tanimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.117774","article-title":"Enhanced\nphotoelectrochemical\ndegradation of trichloroethylene using internal Z-scheme g-C3N4\/TNAs:\nperformance evaluation and proposed mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2021.06.010","article-title":"Catalytic\nperformance and intermediates identification of trichloroethylene\ndeep oxidation over Ru\/3DOM SnO2 catalysts","volume":"400","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.11.025","article-title":"Degradation of trichloroethylene\nby hydrodechlorination\nusing formic acid as hydrogen source over supported Pd catalysts","volume":"305","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.011","article-title":"Dehalogenation of trichloroethylene\nvapors by partially saturated zero-valent iron","volume":"647","author":"Zingaretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2009.02.008","article-title":"pH dependence\nof persulfate activation\nby EDTA\/Fe(III) for degradation of trichloroethylene","volume":"106","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c03301","article-title":"Comprehensive review\non the role of surfactants in the chemical enhanced oil recovery process","volume":"61","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026091510090173900_cit39","unstructured":"TWMOE.\n          .  Groundwater Pollution Control Standards; Taiwan Ministry of Environment (TWMOE), 2019. https:\/\/oaout.moenv.gov.tw\/law\/EngLawContent.aspx?lan=E&id=356&kwStr=."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03103","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/36\/53891\/67731316\/acsomega.6c03103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/36\/53891\/67731316\/acsomega.6c03103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:34:09Z","timestamp":1789482849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/36\/53891\/5360770\/Foam-Enhanced-Air-Sparging-Coupled-with-Soil-Vapor"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]}}}