{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:25:35Z","timestamp":1786465535419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANRF\/ARG\/2025\/007329\/LS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANRF\/ARG\/2025\/007329\/LS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR47648\/CMD\/150\/17\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR47648\/CMD\/150\/17\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human insulin was selected as a model polypeptide to investigate avobenzone photoprotection because of its structural stability, dermatological relevance, and role in diabetes therapy. Avobenzone, a widely used chemical ultraviolet A (UVA) filter, undergoes photodegradation upon UV exposure, limiting its long-term efficacy in sunscreen formulations. This study systematically examined the interaction between insulin and avobenzone to evaluate its effects on photostability, binding behavior, and insulin bioactivity. The UV spectroscopy-based photodegradation studies demonstrated that insulin significantly enhances avobenzone photostability under both sunlight and UV irradiation. The interaction was characterized using ESI-MS\/MS, fluorescence spectroscopy, 19F NMR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. Mass spectrometry confirmed the formation of a noncovalent insulin\u2013avobenzone complex, with up to three avobenzone molecules binding per insulin molecule. Fluorescence quenching studies revealed a binding affinity of 52.1 \u03bcM, with predominantly dynamic quenching at low avobenzone concentrations and mixed dynamic\/static quenching at higher concentrations. 19F NMR studies using 4-fluoroavobenzone showed selective broadening of the enol tautomer, whereas the keto form remained largely unaffected at a 10:1 insulin-to-ligand ratio, indicating altered tumbling rate upon complexation. MD simulations revealed hydrogen bonding between Glu4\/Glu13 of insulin and the enol hydroxyl group of avobenzone and estimated the binding affinity order: enol-1 &amp;gt; enol-2 &amp;gt; keto tautomer. These interactions, along with anchoring within insulin cavities and restricted rotational mobility on the protein surface, are proposed to suppress photoketonization and enhance avobenzone photostability. Importantly, the insulin\u2013avobenzone complex retained biological activity, indicating that insulin function is preserved upon complexation. These findings provide a proof of concept that insulin can improve avobenzone photostability without compromising biological activity, with potential relevance to diabetes-associated dermatological complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:14:44Z","timestamp":1785849284000},"page":"46237-46251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Insulin Enhances Avobenzone Photostability while\nRetaining Its Biological Activity"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9111-609X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deepak Kumar","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Karnataka , , , ,","place":["Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India, 585367"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin Mallikarjun","family":"More","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Karnataka , , , ,","place":["Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India, 585367"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Dhurjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , , ,","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandana Kumbharagatte","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siddaganga Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Tumkur, Karnataka, India, 572103"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrar Hussain","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hyderabad , , , ,","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yavvari","family":"Sravani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Karnataka , , , ,","place":["Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India, 585367"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasarao","family":"Raghothama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Karnataka , , , ,","place":["Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India, 585367"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna D.","family":"Revanasiddappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siddaganga Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Tumkur, Karnataka, India, 572103"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-5605","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Sonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , , , ,","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Pasupulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hyderabad , , , ,","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-9368","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Konkallu Hanumae","family":"Gowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Karnataka , , , ,","place":["Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India, 585367"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026081110143472000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00226-3","article-title":"Photochemical Studies of 4-Tert-Butyl-4\u2019-Methoxydibenzoylmethane\n(BM-DBM)","volume":"64","author":"Cantrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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Dermat."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026081110143472000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13215","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c02735","article-title":"Environmentally\nFriendly Sunscreens: Mechanochemical Synthesis and Characterization\nof \u03b2-CD Inclusion Complexes of Avobenzone and Octinoxate with\nImproved Photostability","volume":"8","author":"d\u2019Agostino","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026081110143472000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15031008","article-title":"Drug Delivery\nStrategies for Avobenzone:\nA Case Study of Photostabilization","volume":"15","author":"Gholap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110143472000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071674","article-title":"Are FDA-Approved Sunscreen Components\nEffective in Preventing Solar\nUV-Induced Skin Cancer?","volume":"9","author":"Bode","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026081110143472000_cit7","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Photoprotection","author":"Bonda","year":"2016"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026081110143472000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24439","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP03610F","article-title":"Determining the\nPhotostability of Avobenzone in Sunscreen Formulation Models Using\nUltrafast Spectroscopy","volume":"23","author":"Holt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. 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