{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:51:46Z","timestamp":1785851506448,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52104048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52104048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZD1004200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD1004200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low-permeability water-sensitive sandstone reservoirs face challenges of low recovery efficiency and injection difficulties with conventional water flooding, necessitating the exploration of more effective displacement technologies. A systematic comparative analysis was conducted on water flooding, gas flooding, water-alternating-gas flooding, surfactant flooding, and CO2-surfactant hybrid flooding, focusing on oil recovery efficiency, displacement pressure differential, pore-scale crude oil mobilization characteristics, and reservoir permeability damage through core flooding experiments. The results indicate that water flooding mainly mobilized crude oil in medium-to-large pores and was difficult to sweep small pores. Furthermore, injecting low-salinity formation water intensified damage and possible pore-throat blockage, which reduced recovery efficiency from 32.6 to 25.9% and increased permeability damage to 40.6%. CO2 flooding mobilized crude oil in small pores, achieving a recovery efficiency of 52.7%, but was prone to early breakthrough and gas channeling issues. Water-alternating-gas flooding delayed early gas breakthrough and improved sweep efficiency in small pores. At a gas\/water slug ratio of 1:1, recovery efficiency increased to 66.5%, and permeability damage decreased to 12.8%. The addition of surfactant significantly reduced oil\u2013water interfacial tension and altered rock wettability, improving the range of pore sizes mobilized during displacement, recovery efficiency was 29.9% higher than that of water flooding. However, increasing concentration raised permeability damage to 19.6%. The favorable performance of CO2-surfactant hybrid flooding may be related to CO2-induced oil mobility improvement and surfactant-induced capillary resistance reduction, leading to broader oil mobilization from micropores to large pores. It achieved the highest recovery efficiency of 74.6% among the evaluated schemes, with breakthrough at 0.39 PV and a relatively low displacement pressure differential of 0.083 MPa. These results indicate that maintaining sufficient injected-water salinity with KCl addition is important for controlling water-sensitive damage, while WAG flooding with a gas\/water slug ratio of 1:1 and CO2-surfactant hybrid flooding showed more favorable relationships among recovery enhancement, injectivity improvement, and permeability-damage control under the tested conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:12:32Z","timestamp":1784581952000},"page":"45043-45056","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oil Displacement\nCharacteristics and Pore-Scale Response\nMechanisms of Water-Sensitive Low-Permeability Sandstone under Multiple\nFlooding Processes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhenyong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation , , ,","place":["Langfang, China, 065000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7480-4873","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ran","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation , , ,","place":["Langfang, China, 065000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation , , ,","place":["Langfang, China, 065000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation , , ,","place":["Langfang, China, 065000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangning","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation , , ,","place":["Langfang, China, 065000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangxing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation , , ,","place":["Langfang, China, 065000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4949-7305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Mining and Technology , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5991-7744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Mining and Technology , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409250909500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petsci.2022.03.001","article-title":"A novel method\nof quantitative evaluation and comprehensive classification of low\npermeability-tight oil reservoirs: A case study of Jidong Oilfield,\nChina","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pet. 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