{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:11:11Z","timestamp":1790093471336,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal University of Paran? ? Palotina Campus"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the reduction of free fatty acids (FFAs) in waste cooking oil (WCO) using calcined concrete, brick, and ceramic tile residues as adsorbents. Concrete, brick, and ceramic tile residues were collected, ground (590\u2013297 \u03bcm), and calcined at 850 \u00b0C. Characterization using SEM-EDS, FTIR, XRD, and TGA revealed that the calcination process increased porosity and surface alkalinity, enhancing the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) and silicate (SiO2) phases, both active in acid neutralization. Among the tested materials, concrete waste showed the highest efficiency, achieving a 62% reduction in free fatty acids, compared to 23% for ceramic and 17.5% for brick residues. The kinetic data fit best to the Elovich model (R2 = 0.9865), indicating a chemisorption-controlled mechanism on heterogeneous active sites dominated by interactions between Ca2+ and carboxyl groups of fatty acids. The adsorption capacity reached 75 mg g\u20131, a value comparable to other alkaline adsorbents such as quicklime or calcium silicate, confirming the strong reactivity of concrete-derived materials. The FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of calcium carboxylates after adsorption, while XRD patterns showed crystalline transformations consistent with CaO and C\u2013S\u2013H phase reactivation. The pH increase from 7.5 to 10.5 during the adsorption process further confirmed the alkalinity of the adsorbent and the neutralization of FFAs. Comparative clustering analysis with literature data demonstrated that thermally treated concrete achieved high FFA reduction under mild operational conditions (25 \u00b0C, 150 rpm, 360 min), offering an energy-efficient alternative to conventional adsorbents. The results validate calcined concrete waste as a technically viable and environmentally sustainable adsorbent for the pretreatment of waste cooking oils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T15:01:41Z","timestamp":1789225301000},"page":"55286-55298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermally Activated\nConstruction Waste as an Efficient\nAdsorbent for Free Fatty Acid Removal from Waste Cooking Oil"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3790-5896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lai\u0301s Fernanda Juchem do","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Parana\u0301 , , ,","place":["Palotina, Brazil, 85953-128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel Gustavo","family":"Teleken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Parana\u0301 , , ,","place":["Palotina, Brazil, 85953-128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-2090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabiano","family":"Bisinella Scheufele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology \u2212 Parana\u0301 , , ,","place":["Toledo, Brazil, 85902-490"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thompson Ricardo","family":"Weiser Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Parana\u0301 , , ,","place":["Palotina, Brazil, 85953-128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4454-8102","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paulo Andre\u0301","family":"Cremonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology \u2212 Parana\u0301 , , ,","place":["Toledo, Brazil, 85902-490"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-0223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Brackmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology \u2212 Parana\u0301 , , ,","place":["Pato Branco, Brazil, 85503-390"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012035","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1167\/1\/012035","article-title":"Free Fatty Acid Reduction in a Waste\nCooking Oil as a Raw Material for Biodiesel with Activated Coal Ash\nAdsorbent","volume":"1167","author":"Susilowati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11071952","article-title":"Biodiesel\nProduction from Waste Cooking Oil: A Perspective on Catalytic Processes","volume":"11","author":"Cero\u0301n Ferrusca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012081","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1940\/1\/012081","article-title":"Feasibility of Waste\nCooking Oil as Biodiesel Feedstock","volume":"1940","author":"Primandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys.:\nConf. Ser."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.47134\/jesty.v1i1.1","article-title":"Penurunan Kadar FFA\n(Free Fatty Acid) Minyak Jelantah\nMenggunakan Adsorben Arang Aktif Ampas Tebu pada Proses Pembuatan\nBiodiesel","volume":"1","author":"Hananto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4172\/2090-4568.1000105","article-title":"FFA Adsorption from\nWaste Oils or Non-Edible Oils onto an Anion-Exchange\nResin as Alternative Method to Esterification Reaction Prior to Transesterification\nReaction for Biodiesel Production","volume":"4","author":"Di\u0301az","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adv. Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.11113\/mjfas.v16n3.1522","article-title":"Synthesis and Performance Assessment of Coconut Fiber\nSolid Adsorbent for Waste Cooking Oil Purification as Biodiesel Feedstock","volume":"16","author":"Oktavian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malays. J. Fundam. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1918\/3\/032008","article-title":"Isotherm Adsorption of Free Fatty\nAcid in Waste Cooking\nOil Used Activated Carbon of Banana Peel as Bio-Adsorbent","volume":"1918","author":"Rengga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.25105\/urbanenvirotech.v5i2.13539","article-title":"The Use of Spent Bleaching\nEarth (SBE) as an Adsorbent to Reduce Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking\nOil","volume":"5","author":"Maharani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indones. J. Urban Environ. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55164\/ajstr.v28i4.256662","article-title":"Innovative\nUse of Fly Ash as a Free\nFatty Acid Reducer in Used Cooking Oil for Enhanced Biodiesel Production","volume":"28","author":"Anggorowati","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASEAN J. Sci. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2298\/HEMIND220628005L","article-title":"Adsorptive Pretreatment\nof Waste Cooking Oil Using Quicklime for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters\nSynthesis","volume":"77","author":"Lukic\u0301","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hem. Ind."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116776","article-title":"Use of Thermally Modified Waste Concrete\nPowder for Removal of Pb(II) from Wastewater: Effects and Mechanism","volume":"277","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit12","volume-title":"Me\u0301todos\nFi\u0301sico-Qui\u0301micos para Ana\u0301lise de Alimentos","author":"Adolfo Lutz","year":"2005","edition":"4th"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/min11050463","article-title":"Design of\nConcrete Made with Recycled Brick Waste and Its Environmental Performance","volume":"11","author":"Janotka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtsust.2023.100399","article-title":"Layered Double Hydroxides:\nAn Insight into the Role of Hydrotalcite-Type Anionic Clays in Energy\nand Environmental Applications with Current Progress and Recent Prospects","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today. Sustainability"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117526","article-title":"Understanding\nthe Effect of Particle Size of Waste Concrete Powder on Phosphorus\nRemoval Efficiency","volume":"236","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07850-0","article-title":"Fines Isolated\nfrom Waste Concrete as a New Material for the Treatment of Phosphorus\nWastewater","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76780-5","article-title":"Development\nof an Eco-Friendly Geopolymer\nMortar Using Slag and Fly Ash with High Bentonite Content for Thermal\nand Environmental Applications","volume":"14","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.089","article-title":"Valorization of\nOrganic Additions in Restorative Lime Mortars: Spent Cooking Oil and\nAlbumen","volume":"181","author":"Pahlavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.03.011","article-title":"Hydrophobic\nLime-Based Mortars with\nLinseed Oil: Characterization and Durability Assessment","volume":"61\u201362","author":"Nunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.05.022","article-title":"The Application\nof Calcined Marlstones\nas a Catalyst in Biodiesel Production from High Free Fatty Acid Coconut\nOil","volume":"158","author":"Jaggernauth-Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14311\/APP.2019.22.0007","article-title":"Fresh State Properties\nof Lime Mortars with Flax Oil Admixture","volume":"22","author":"Bauerova\u0301","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta\nPolytech. CTU Proc."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.144","article-title":"Behavior of Ring-Restrained High-Performance\nConcrete\nunder Extreme Heating and Development of Screening Test","volume":"162","author":"Ozawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.55028","article-title":"A Ultra-Low Viscosity\nStearic Acid Emulsion Prepared by Lauric Acid as Waterproof Agent\nfor Cement Mortar","volume":"141","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.12913\/22998624\/159722","article-title":"Modification\nof Concrete Surface with Higher Fatty Acids","volume":"17","author":"Barnat-Hunek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210582611200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25105\/jeeset.v5i3.14218","article-title":"Preparation\nand Characterization of Natural Zeolite Minerals to Reduce Free Fatty\nAcid Levels in Used Cooking Oil","volume":"5","author":"Fadliah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Earth\nEnergy Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1346\/000986002320679378","article-title":"Effect of\nAcid and Alkali Treatments on Surface-Charge Properties of Selected\nMinerals","volume":"50","author":"Jozefaciuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-023-1413-3","article-title":"Removal of\nFree Fatty Acid from Waste\nCooking Oil Using an Adsorbent Derived from Cassava Peels","volume":"40","author":"Phetrungnapha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012085","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/299\/1\/012085","article-title":"Adsorption\nof Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in Low-Grade Cooking Oil Using Activated\nNatural Zeolite as Adsorbent","volume":"299","author":"Ayu Putranti","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser.\nMater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2010.11.018","article-title":"Bentonite Functionalized with Propyl Sulfonic Acid\nGroups Used as Catalyst in Esterification Reactions","volume":"51","author":"Moraes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.22437\/ifstj.v8i1.36390","article-title":"Optimization of Nanobentonite-CuO\nAdsorption for Reducing\n3-MCPDE, Free Fatty Acids, and Peroxide Values in Bulk Cooking Oil:\nA Study of Adsorption Efficacy and Isotherm Modeling","volume":"8","author":"Permana","year":"2024","journal-title":"IFST J."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114417","article-title":"Utilization\nof Natural Adsorbents in the Purification of Used Sunflower and Palm\nCooking Oils","volume":"14","author":"Bostan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.21580\/wjc.v6i2.18020","article-title":"Analysis of the Quality of Waste Cooking Oil Resulted\nfrom Rejuvenation Using Raja Nangka Banana Peel Adsorbent with Variations\nin Mass of Adsorbent and Length of Adsorption Time","volume":"6","author":"Devianti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Walisongo J. Chem."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26591","article-title":"Plant-Based Calcium Silicate from\nRice Husk Ash: A Green Adsorbent for Free Fatty Acid Recovery from\nWaste Frying Oil","volume":"10","author":"Zainal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwas.2022.100049","article-title":"Statistical\nOptimization of Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil Using NaOH\/Bentonite-Impregnated\nCatalyst","volume":"3","author":"Ulakpa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cleaner Waste Syst."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3303\/CET1865065","article-title":"Pre-Treatment\nof Waste Cooking Oils for Biodiesel Production","volume":"65","author":"Casallas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.17265\/2161-6221\/2019.5-6.003","article-title":"Effect of\nTexture and Surface Chemistry of Palm Nut Hull Activated Carbon on\nthe Adsorption of Pigments and Free Fatty Acids from Vegetable Oils","volume":"9","author":"Mbah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-018-0155-z","article-title":"Optimization of Biodiesel Production\nfrom High Free Fatty Acid River Catfish Oil (Pangasius hypothalamus) and Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Waste Chicken Eggshell-Derived\nCatalyst","volume":"1","author":"Santya","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.09.062","article-title":"Adsorption Mechanisms of Fatty Acids on Fluorite Unraveled\nby Infrared Spectroscopy and First-Principles Calculations","volume":"583","author":"Foucaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1680\/jsuin.19.00054","article-title":"Simulation of Fatty Acid Adsorption\nat the Magnesia Surface","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Innov."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-022-00741-0","article-title":"Adsorption of Oleic\nAcid on Magnetite Facets","volume":"5","author":"Creutzburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2025.100853","article-title":"The Adsorption\nof Oleic Acid on CaO(100): A DFT Study","volume":"29","author":"Pronsato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl.\nSurf. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit42","unstructured":"National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP).\n          \n          ANP\nResolution No. 920 of April 4, 2023: Establishes Biodiesel\nSpecifications and Quality-Control Requirements; Official Gazette of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 2023, (accessed 2026-08-01)."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.079","article-title":"Stabilization of Sodium\nOleate as Calcium Oleate in Cement-Based Mortars Made with Limestone\nFillers","volume":"25","author":"Lanzo\u0301n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8474","DOI":"10.1021\/la904914h","article-title":"On the Coating\nof Precipitated Calcium\nCarbonate with Stearic Acid in Aqueous Medium","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6622(88)80101-X","article-title":"Mechanism\nof Oleate Interaction on\nSalt-Type Minerals. Part I: Adsorption and Electrokinetic Studies\nof Calcite in the Presence of Sodium Oleate and Sodium Metasilicate","volume":"34","author":"Rao","year":"1988","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"2026092210582611200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2025.107819","article-title":"Heating-Induced Transformations\nin Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C\u2013S\u2013H): In Situ Investigations\nof Composition, Structure, and Morphology","volume":"190","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cem.\nConcr. Res."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03383","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/37\/55286\/68490864\/acsomega.6c03383.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/37\/55286\/68490864\/acsomega.6c03383.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:43:27Z","timestamp":1790091807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/37\/55286\/5428833\/Thermally-Activated-Construction-Waste-as-an"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}