{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:07:09Z","timestamp":1788876429275,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001702","name":"AO Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AOSAUNZ(R) 2019-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOSAUNZ(R) 2019-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tissue engineering (TE) combines cells, biomaterials, and external regulatory cues to support tissue repair and regeneration. Graphene-based scaffolds are promising TE platforms because they combine electrical conductivity, mechanical reinforcement, and cytocompatible surface properties. When paired with electrical stimulation (ES), these scaffolds may provide an electroactive microenvironment that influences stem cell behavior. However, suitable ES conditions for dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured on graphene-based scaffolds remain insufficiently defined. This study examined how different electric field (EF) intensities affect DPSC viability and cytotoxicity on graphene oxide\/sodium alginate (GOSA) and reduced graphene oxide\/sodium alginate (rGOSA) scaffolds. Three-dimensional scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying, coated with poly-l-lysine (PLL), seeded with DPSCs, and stimulated using a custom Ti mesh electrode bioreactor. EF intensities from 0 to 500 mV mm\u20131 were applied for 1 h\/day over three consecutive days. Cell responses were evaluated using Trypan Blue, Alamar Blue (AB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Moderate EF intensities, particularly 50\u2013100 mV mm\u20131, improved cell viability and reduced cytotoxicity, with the strongest response observed in rGOSA scaffolds. In contrast, higher EF intensities of 250\u2013500 mV mm\u20131 reduced viability and increased cytotoxicity. These findings indicate that scaffold conductivity and ES intensity are key determinants of DPSC response and support the use of rGOSA scaffolds with moderate ES for TE applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:08:53Z","timestamp":1788275333000},"page":"52652-52662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Electrical\nStimulation Parameters to Enhance\nViability of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Graphene-Based Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-4453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alsenaide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University , , ,","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 11451"]},{"name":"Adelaide University , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005"]},{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1930-072X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dusan","family":"Losic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Al-Sarawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan O\u2019Hare","family":"Doig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5000"]},{"name":"Adelaide University , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit1","volume-title":"Over\n1 in 3 People Affected by Neurological Conditions, the Leading Cause\nof Illness and Disability Worldwide","author":"Organization, W. 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Nanomater."},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf039","article-title":"Review on\nelectrical stimulation combined with electroactive biomaterials to\npromote peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns\nTrauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809110438000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097800","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Nerve Tissue\nEngineering: Bridging Nerve Gap Injuries in Large Animals","volume":"24","author":"Lischer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090809110438000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v11.i8.464","article-title":"Orchestrating\nstem cell fate: Novel tools for regenerative medicine","volume":"11","author":"Cruciani","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. 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Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809110438000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04197-7","article-title":"Effect of graphene\noxide\/ poly-L-lactic acid composite scaffold on the biological properties\nof human dental pulp stem cells","volume":"24","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1417763","article-title":"Graphene\/ chitosan\ntubes inoculated with dental pulp stem cells promotes repair of facial\nnerve injury","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809110438000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1091\/ae1828","article-title":"In vitro\nelectrical stimulation of stem cells: a scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Alsenaide","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"63","key":"2026090809110438000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36838","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA07481C","article-title":"Advancing fabrication\nand properties of three-dimensional graphene-alginate scaffolds for\napplication in neural tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Mansouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC\nAdv."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090809110438000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27891","article-title":"Biodegradable and biocompatible graphene-based\nscaffolds for functional neural tissue engineering: A strategy approach\nusing dental pulp stem cells and biomaterials","volume":"118","author":"Mansouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809110438000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c00920","article-title":"Electroconductive\nAntibacterial\nBioinks Enable Electrical Stimulation Enhancement of Proliferation\nand Elongation of Human Skin Fibroblasts","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS\nBiomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.617141","article-title":"Design Challenges\nin Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Echeverria Molina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809110438000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42490-020-00046-0","article-title":"Electric field stimulation\nfor tissue engineering applications","volume":"3","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Biomed.\nEng."},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111102","article-title":"Drug-eluting\nPCL\/graphene oxide nanocomposite\nscaffolds for enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem\ncells","volume":"115","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-019-0160-3","article-title":"Tissue engineering\na tendon-bone junction with biodegradable braided scaffolds","volume":"23","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809110438000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/15394450801887109","article-title":"Mechanical\nand Biological characterization of A Porous Poly-L-Lactic Acid-Co-\u03f5-Caprolactone\nscaffold for Tissue Engineering","volume":"6","author":"Vaquette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soft Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809110438000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35867","article-title":"Three-dimensional macroporous graphene scaffolds for\ntissue engineering","volume":"105","author":"Lalwani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.,\nPart A"},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01604","article-title":"Three-dimensional graphene foam as a biocompatible and conductive\nscaffold for neural stem cells","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. 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Open Access"},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-019-0176-8","article-title":"Electrical\nstimulation as a novel\ntool for regulating cell behavior in tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5753","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S192779","article-title":"Graphene-based\n3D scaffolds in tissue engineering: fabrication, applications, and\nfuture scope in liver tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Geetha Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Nanomed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809110438000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01346.x","article-title":"Stem cells and the dental pulp: potential roles in\ndentine regeneration and repair","volume":"13","author":"Sloan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"2026090809110438000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9952401","article-title":"Influence of Dental Pulp Harvesting Method on the Viability\nand Differentiation Capacity of Adult Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal\nStem Cells","volume":"2021","author":"Vendramini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809110438000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2014.09.003","article-title":"Neurogenic\ndifferentiation of dental pulp stem cells to neuron-like cells in\ndopaminergic and motor neuronal inductive media","volume":"113","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Formosan Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03534","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/52652\/67456740\/acsomega.6c03534.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/52652\/67456740\/acsomega.6c03534.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:11:08Z","timestamp":1788873068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/35\/52652\/5333752\/Optimizing-Electrical-Stimulation-Parameters-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03534","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]}}}