{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T18:27:48Z","timestamp":1787077668572,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bozok ??niversitesi","award":["TD-2024-1327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD-2024-1327"]}]},{"name":"Bozok ??niversitesi","award":["TED-2026-2354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-2026-2354"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dental caries is strongly associated with biofilm-forming bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and improving the antimicrobial performance of restorative materials remains a major challenge in preventive dentistry. Glass ionomer cements (GICs) exhibit favorable properties including chemical adhesion and fluoride release, yet their intrinsic antibacterial activity remains limited. This study investigated the incorporation of four cannabinoid-rich fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) into glass ionomer cements and evaluated their structural, antimicrobial, and biological properties. Cannabinoid fractions isolated from hemp flowers were incorporated into Ketac Cem Radiopaque and Ketac Molar Easymix formulations at 1 wt %. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey\u2019s post hoc test, and Kruskal\u2013Wallis analysis (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses demonstrated structural compatibility between the cannabinoid fractions and the glass ionomer matrix, indicating preservation of the original phase composition and the absence of disruption in the acid\u2013base setting reaction. The modified cements exhibited strain-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, with KCR-F4 showing the strongest reduction in S. mutans viability (47.35%) and KME-F1 demonstrating the greatest activity against L. acidophilus (14.77%). Significant differences were observed among GIC types and cannabinoid fractions for antimicrobial activity, fluoride release, and cytotoxicity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging further confirmed decreased bacterial adhesion and disrupted surface colonization on cannabinoid-modified cement surfaces. Fluoride-release behavior was largely preserved following cannabinoid incorporation. However, cytotoxicity analysis revealed increased LDH release at the tested concentration, indicating a cytotoxicity trade-off associated with enhanced antimicrobial activity. It is concluded that cannabinoid extract is promising as an additive to formulate bioactive glass-ionomer cements, although further optimization is required to balance antimicrobial efficacy with cytocompatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T19:02:08Z","timestamp":1785956528000},"page":"47854-47865","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabinoid-Functionalized Glass Ionomer Cements:\nStructural Stability, Fluoride Release, and Antibiofilm Activity against\nCariogenic Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aliye I\u0307pek","family":"Kus\u0327cu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok University , , ,","place":["Yozgat, Tu\u0308rkiye, 66100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevra","family":"Karamu\u0308ftu\u0308og\u0306lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences University , , ,","place":["Ankara, Turkey, 06010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su\u0308ha","family":"Kus\u0327cu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok University , , ,","place":["Yozgat, Tu\u0308rkiye, 66100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6696-1256","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok University , , ,","place":["Yozgat, Tu\u0308rkiye, 66100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9555","key":"2026081811083168100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental Caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811083168100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4802810","article-title":"A New Translucent Cement for Dentistry.\nThe Glass Ionomer\nCement","volume":"132","author":"Wilson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081811083168100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb7030016","article-title":"A Review of\nGlass-Ionomer Cements for Clinical Dentistry","volume":"7","author":"Sidhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811083168100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35200","article-title":"Resin-modified\nGlass Ionomer Enriched with BIOGLASS: Ion-release, Bioactivity and\nAntibacterial Effect","volume":"111","author":"de Oliveira Roma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.,\nPart B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811083168100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2025.2601045","article-title":"Impact of Biofilm Model of Streptococcus Mutans on the PH, Ions Release, and Sorption\/Solubility\nof Glass Ionomer Cements Enriched with 45S5 Bioglass","volume":"42","author":"de Oliveira Roma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"2026081811083168100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesquita, J. A. C.; Diniz, A. C. S.; Araujo, M. R.; Filho, E. M. M.; Firoozmand, L. M.\n          Clinical Performance\nof Bioglass-Enriched Resin Modified Glass Ionomer in Sealing Moderate\nCarious Lesions: An 18-Month Split-Mouth Clinical Trial\n          Int. J. Dent. Hyg.\n          2026\n          10.1111\/idh.70058.","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.70058"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811083168100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2023-261","article-title":"Sealing\nModerate Caries Lesions with Bioactive Glass-Ionomer: A Split-Mouth\nClinical Trial","volume":"43","author":"Diniz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081811083168100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1021\/np8002673","article-title":"Antibacterial Cannabinoids\nfrom Cannabis Sativa: A Structure\u2013Activity\nStudy","volume":"71","author":"Appendino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081811083168100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00419","article-title":"Uncovering\nthe Hidden Antibiotic Potential of Cannabis","volume":"6","author":"Farha","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026081811083168100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_1","article-title":"Phytochemistry of Cannabis Sativa\nL","volume-title":"Progress in the Chemistry of Organic\nNatural Products","author":"ElSohly","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811083168100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60952-0","article-title":"Cannabidiol\nIs an Effective Helper\nCompound in Combination with Bacitracin to Kill Gram-Positive Bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Wassmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081811083168100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411936","article-title":"Antibacterial\nEffect of Cannabinoids on Bacteria Associated with Persistent Endodontic\nInfections","volume":"26","author":"Wieczerza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026081811083168100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1709243","article-title":"Identification\nof Cannabinoid-Sensitive and -Resistant Oral Bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811083168100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2025.2603706","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect\nof Cannabidiol (CBD) in a Multispecies Subgingival Biofilm Model","volume":"18","author":"Tolentino","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081811083168100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","article-title":"Cannabis Sativa:\nThe Plant of the\nThousand and One Molecules","volume":"7","author":"Andre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081811083168100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2010.09.011","article-title":"Solubility of Non-Psychoactive\nCannabinoids\nin Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Comparison with Psychoactive Cannabinoids","volume":"55","author":"Perrotin-Brunel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081811083168100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2024.09.001","article-title":"Unleashing the Therapeutic\nRole of Cannabidiol in Dentistry","volume":"14","author":"Mulla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol.\nCraniofacial Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081811083168100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1377","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0206","article-title":"Anticaries and Antigingivitis\nProperties\nof Cannabinoid-Containing Oral Health Products: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Torabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081811083168100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10100193","article-title":"Cannabidiol\nin Dentistry: A Scoping\nReview","volume":"10","author":"David","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811083168100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040943","article-title":"Antimicrobial\nDenture Material Synthesized from Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Enriched\nwith Cannabidiol Isolates","volume":"30","author":"Tahsin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081811083168100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8020717","article-title":"Advances in Nanotechnology for Restorative Dentistry","volume":"8","author":"Khurshid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081811083168100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13110519","article-title":"Potential\nAntimicrobial Use of Cannabidiol in Dentistry: A Scoping Review","volume":"13","author":"Mederos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026081811083168100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.57471","article-title":"Development and Analysis of an Antimicrobial\nPMMA Denture Base Infused With a Range of Silk Fibroin, Cannabinoids,\nand Hemp Fiber","volume":"142","author":"Kus\u0327c\u0327u","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811083168100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.47582\/jompac.1703800","article-title":"Investigation of the Effect of Cannabidiol,\nTetrahydrocannabinol, and Vancomycin Combination on Cariogenic Bacterial\nRetention Due to Microleakage under Prosthetic Restorations","volume":"6","author":"Kus\u0327c\u0327u","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Palliative Care"},{"key":"2026081811083168100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2017-0077","article-title":"Determination of\nthe Effective Anticandidal Concentration of Denture Cleanser Tablets\non Some Denture Base Resins","volume":"26","author":"Hayran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811083168100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05386-0","article-title":"Determination of Streptococcus Mutans\nRetention in Acidic and Neutral PH Artificial Saliva Environment of\nAll-Ceramic Materials with Different Surface Treatment","volume":"25","author":"Hayran","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"2026081811083168100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.5455\/annalsmedres.2019.05.297","article-title":"Evaluation of the Time-Dependent\nEffect of an Enzymatic Denture Cleanser\nTablet against Six Microbial Species","author":"Hayran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Med.\nRes."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081811083168100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202004753","article-title":"In\u2013Vitro Anticancer\nand Antibacterial Activities of Brominated Indeno[1,2-b]Qinoline Amines\nSupported with Molecular Docking and MCDM**","volume":"6","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"2026081811083168100_cit29","volume-title":"Glass-Ionomer Cement","author":"Wilson","year":"1988"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081811083168100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00128-2","article-title":"Chemistry\nof Glass-Ionomer Cements: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Nicholson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811083168100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1179\/175355509X12614966220506","article-title":"Glass Ionomer\nDental Cements: Update","volume":"25","author":"Nicholson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081811083168100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.04.005","article-title":"The Biocompatibility of Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer\nCements for Dentistry","volume":"24","author":"Nicholson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811083168100_cit33","first-page":"243","article-title":"Compressive Strength\nand Setting Time Determination of Glass-Ionomer Cements Incorporated\nwith Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Benzalkonium Chloride","volume":"33","author":"Dimkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contrib. - Maced. Acad. Sci. Arts"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811083168100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/23337931.2018.1539623","article-title":"The Effect of Antimicrobial Additives\non the Properties of Dental Glass-Ionomer Cements: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Tu\u0308zu\u0308ner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03572","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/32\/47854\/66418702\/acsomega.6c03572.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/32\/47854\/66418702\/acsomega.6c03572.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T17:47:08Z","timestamp":1787075228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/32\/47854\/5246508\/Cannabinoid-Functionalized-Glass-Ionomer-Cements"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03572","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}}}