{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:24:40Z","timestamp":1786465480617,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309982\/20227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309982\/20227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E26\/201.323\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/201.323\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used in the management of asthma by modulating airway inflammation. Conventional oral formulations exhibit considerable variation in bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism, short half-life, and wide distribution into peripheral compartments. These limitations, along with systemic adverse effects, challenge consistent therapeutic outcomes. Pulmonary drug delivery has been proposed as a promising alternative by targeting the drug directly to the lungs, potentially bypassing first-pass metabolism and reducing systemic exposure. However, despite extensive research on inhalable montelukast formulations, no product has yet been commercialized. This review discusses the main challenges involved in formulating montelukast for pulmonary administration and highlights recent advances in particle engineering, nanocarriers, and formulation strategies to overcome these limitations. Considering the potential advantages of pulmonary delivery for montelukast, a literature search was conducted to identify inhalable formulations of the drug. Twenty articles were identified, including sixteen on DPIs, one on nebulized montelukast, one on pMDIs and two articles reporting results related to clinical studies of inhaled montelukast. Overall, three clinical studies specifically evaluated inhaled montelukast. No patents evaluating inhaled montelukast were found, although three patents mention inhalation as a possible route without disclosing actual inhaled formulations or device strategies. The available studies were analyzed according to formulation strategies, particle engineering approaches, inhalation devices, and reported outcomes. For DPI formulations, particle aerodynamic diameter plays a critical role in lung deposition, and a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) in the range of 1\u20135 \u03bcm is generally considered optimal for lung deposition. After deposition, formulation performance depends on an initial burst release followed by sustained drug release, low epithelial permeability, and prolonged pulmonary retention, which are expected to minimize systemic exposure. Overall, the limited number of research highlights a translational gap and important opportunities for the development of inhalable montelukast therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:03:19Z","timestamp":1785128599000},"page":"45612-45634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Formulation\nand Technological Strategies\nfor Montelukast Pulmonary Delivery"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carla Giordani","family":"Testa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21941-902"]},{"name":"Marinha Do Brasil , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20911-291"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3583-4996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Millena de Sousa","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21941-902"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6321-2914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joa\u0303o Vitor","family":"Vicente-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21941-902"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E\u0301rika Yoko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Serope\u0301dica, Brazil, 23897-090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Ribeiro de","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o Oswaldo Cruz , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21041-250"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Cla\u0301udio Rodrigues Pereira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21941-902"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4550-5729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucio Mendes","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21941-902"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21941-902"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-9070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fla\u0301via Almada","family":"Do Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro , , ,","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21941-902"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma.\n          \n          Global Strategy for\nAsthma Management and Prevention; Updated November 15 2025; Global Initiative for Asthma: Fontana,\nWI, 2025. https:\/\/www.ginasthma.org."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114858","article-title":"Inhaled drug delivery\nfor the targeted\ntreatment of asthma","volume":"198","author":"Boboltz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081110162882100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.03.001","article-title":"Number of patient-reported\nasthma triggers predicts uncontrolled\ndisease among specialist-treated patients with severe asthma","volume":"130","author":"Chipps","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy, Asthma, Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110162882100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2025.100606","article-title":"The use\nof triple therapy, ICS\/LABA\/LAMA, in the treatment of asthma: A real-life\nLatin-American specialized centers experience","volume":"5","author":"Martinez-Tenopala","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.: global"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2016.09.010","article-title":"Inundation\nof asthma target research:\nUntangling asthma riddles","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol.\nTher. Academic Press"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110162882100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.01.025","article-title":"Inhaled\nCorticosteroids\nSafety and Adverse Effects in Patients with Asthma","volume":"6","author":"Heffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110162882100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.04.018","article-title":"Global Initiative for\nAsthma 2016\u2013derived asthma control with\nfluticasone propionate and salmeterol","volume":"123","author":"Bateman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann.\nAllergy, Asthma, Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110162882100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2016.1207533","article-title":"Montelukast,\ncurrent indications and prospective future applications","volume":"10","author":"Kittana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176755","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effects\nof leukotriene receptor antagonists: A comprehensive review","volume":"978","author":"Sood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118452","article-title":"Leukotriene D4 role\nin allergic asthma pathogenesis\nfrom cellular and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"260","author":"Al-Azzam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2003101","article-title":"Expression of the Cysteinyl\nLeukotriene 1 Receptor in Normal Human Lung and Peripheral Blood Leukocytes","volume":"163","author":"Figueroa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit12","unstructured":"Organon.\n          \n          Singulair (Montelukast\nSodium) Tablets,\nfor oral use: Prescribing Information; Organon: Jersey City, NJ, USA, 2021, https:\/\/www.organon.com\/product\/usa\/pi_circulars\/s\/singulair\/singulair_pi.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081110162882100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2019.08.003","article-title":"Current state\nand future prospect of the therapeutic strategy targeting cysteinyl\nleukotriene metabolism in asthma","volume":"57","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110162882100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.1.2010080","article-title":"Improvement of Aspirin-Intolerant\nAsthma by Montelukast, a Leukotriene Antagonist: A Randomized, Double-Blind,\nPlacebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"165","author":"Dahle\u0301n","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit.\nCare Med."},{"issue":"7202","key":"2026081110162882100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7202.87","article-title":"Randomised, Placebo\nControlled Trial of Effect of a Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist, Montelukast,\non Tapering Inhaled Corticosteroids in Asthmatic Patients","volume":"319","author":"Lo\u0308fdahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110162882100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e32831bd98c","article-title":"Absorption\nof montelukast is transporter mediated: A common variant of OATP2B1\nis associated with reduced plasma concentrations and poor response","volume":"19","author":"Mougey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genomics"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.10.027","article-title":"Aerosolizable\nmodified-release particles\nof montelukast improve retention and availability of the drug in the\nlungs","volume":"96","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.07.030","article-title":"Novel dry\npowder inhaler formulation\ncontaining antibiotic using combined technology to improve aerodynamic\nproperties","volume":"123","author":"Ambrus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110162882100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41120-015-0002-x","article-title":"Scope and relevance\nof a pulmonary biopharmaceutical classification system AAPS\/FDA\/USP\nWorkshop March 16\u201317th, 2015 in Baltimore, MD","volume":"2","author":"Hastedt","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110162882100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01757-2","article-title":"Respiratory Tract:\nStructure and\nAttractions for Drug Delivery Using Dry Powder Inhalers","volume":"21","author":"ElKasabgy","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTechnol."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2024.114206","article-title":"Drug solubility\nin biorelevant media in the context of an inhalation-based biopharmaceutics\nclassification system (iBCS)","volume":"197","author":"Floroiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm.\nBiopharm."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081110162882100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.08.035","article-title":"Development of a\nnew formulation of roflumilast for\npulmonary drug delivery to treat inflammatory lung conditions","volume":"550","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081110162882100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2010.520100","article-title":"A Phase I randomized,\nplacebo-controlled, dose-exploration study of single-dose inhaled\nmontelukast in patients with chronic asthma","volume":"47","author":"Philip","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110162882100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2011.573042","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of\ninhaled montelukast plus inhaled Mometasone compared with Mometasone\nalone in patients with chronic asthma","volume":"48","author":"Philip","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.100966","article-title":"Pulmonary\ninhalation for disease treatment: Basic research and clinical translations","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110162882100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016056912698","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability,\nand Safety of Montelukast Sodium (MK-0476) in Healthy Males and Females","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110162882100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2016.1170247","article-title":"Montelukast medicines of today and\ntomorrow: From molecular pharmaceutics to technological formulations","volume":"23","author":"Barbosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Delivery"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110162882100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/tisb.24997","article-title":"Barrier\nfunction of airway tract\nepithelium","volume":"1","author":"Ganesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081110162882100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.05.015","article-title":"Pharmaceutical strategies\nto extend pulmonary exposure of inhaled\nmedicines","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110162882100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2153","article-title":"Inhaling medicines: Delivering drugs to the body through\nthe lungs","volume":"6","author":"Patton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110162882100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.09.023","article-title":"Physicochemical\nproperties affecting the fate of nanoparticles in pulmonary drug delivery","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101915","article-title":"Simulations of the deposition of\npharmaceutical aerosols in the human respiratory tract by dry powder\ninhalers (DPIs)","volume":"59","author":"Chalvatzaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081110162882100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.12.040","article-title":"Influence of particle\nsize on regional\nlung deposition - What evidence is there?","volume":"406","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Pharm."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110162882100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.103954","article-title":"Design,\ndevelopment,\nand technical considerations for dry powder inhaler devices","volume":"29","author":"Dhoble","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081110162882100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.05.009","article-title":"The clinical\nrelevance\nof dry powder inhaler performance for drug delivery","volume":"108","author":"Demoly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. 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Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110162882100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1314-2","article-title":"Delivery Technologies\nfor Orally Inhaled Products: An Update","volume":"20","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS\nPharmSciTechnol."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121457","article-title":"The future of dry powder inhaled\ntherapy: Promising\nor discouraging for systemic disorders?","volume":"614","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2025.102873","article-title":"A state-of-the-art\nreview on inhalable nanoconjugates\nfor targeted drug delivery in acute lung injury: Advances, challenges\nand future directions","volume":"70","author":"Sadhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2021.101497","article-title":"Natural and\nbioinspired excipients for dry powder inhalation formulations","volume":"56","author":"Zillen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.02.023","article-title":"Inhalation\ntherapy devices for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases: The\nhistory of inhalers towards the ideal inhaler","volume":"75","author":"Sorino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Int. Med."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S48888","article-title":"Inhalation\ndrug delivery devices:\nTechnology update","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medical Devices"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104553","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of dry powder inhalers for\npulmonary drug delivery: Challenges, advances, optimization techniques,\nand applications","volume":"84","author":"Shahin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081110162882100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.08.007","article-title":"Inhaled\nmontelukast\ninhibits cysteinyl-leukotriene-induced bronchoconstriction in ovalbumin-sensitized\nguinea-pigs: The potential as a new asthma medication","volume":"9","author":"Muraki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.06.006","article-title":"Repurposing\ndrugs as inhaled therapies in asthma","volume":"133","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug\nDelivery Rev."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101534","article-title":"Formulation development and in-vitro\nevaluation of\nmontelukast sodium pressurized metered dose inhaler","volume":"56","author":"Sawatdee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.029","article-title":"Lecithin-based modified\nsoft agglomerate composite microparticles for inhalable montelukast:\nDevelopment, tolerability and pharmacodynamic activity","volume":"360","author":"Abdel-Gawad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110162882100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1702643","article-title":"Physical\nstability\nof dry powder inhaler formulations","volume":"17","author":"Shetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.03.020","article-title":"Modeling the performance of carrier-based dry powder\ninhalation formulations: Where are we, and how to get there?","volume":"279","author":"Elsayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2022.106158","article-title":"Particle engineering\nin dry powders for inhalation","volume":"172","author":"Scherlie\u00df","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm.\nSci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081110162882100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.06.044","article-title":"Carrier-based\ndry powder inhalation: Impact of carrier modification on capsule filling\nprocessability and in vitro aerodynamic performance","volume":"491","author":"Faulhammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2023.118999","article-title":"Engineering porous PLGA\nmicroparticles for pulmonary delivery of sildenafil citrate","volume":"430","author":"Luna Lazo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081110162882100_cit54","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Development\nof Carrier Free Montelukast Dry Powder Inhalation Formulation","volume":"77","author":"Faramarzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ind."},{"key":"2026081110162882100_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.94160","article-title":"Formulation\nand evalution of montelukast sodium-chitosan based spray dried microspheres\nfor pulmonary drug delivery","volume":"4","author":"Panchal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. 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