{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:13:07Z","timestamp":1788437587793,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB2505304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB2505304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund Project of China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0002KTCP20252380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0002KTCP20252380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Internal combustion engines remain pivotal in transportation and industrial sectors, with natural gas engines (NGEs) emerging as a low-carbon alternative. However, on-board diagnostics (OBD) system failures in aftertreatment and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems can compromise emission control, particularly amid stringent regulations such as Euro VII. This study investigates the effects of induced faults, namely thermal aging of three-way catalytic converters (TWCs) and high-flow EGR malfunctions, on a turbocharged NGE. Experiments were conducted under world harmonized transient cycle (WHTC) conditions, measuring power, fuel consumption, and emission (CO, HC, NOx, and NH3) characteristics using a full-flow dilution sampling system and Horiba MEXA-ONE-DC analyzers. The results indicate that the thermal aging treatment of the TWC exerts a primary and significant influence on pollutant emissions from NGEs, whereas its impact on power performance and fuel economy is negligible. Thermal aging of the TWC leads to a reduction in the HC and NOx conversion efficiency. Specifically, the thermal aging process of the TWC causes a 6.4% escalation in HC emissions and a 3.91-fold increase in NOx emissions during the WHTC. CO emissions decrease after catalyst thermal aging treatment. Compared to a thermally aged TWC, NGEs equipped with a fresh TWC detect a significant amount of NH3 signals after more than 1600 s in the WHTC, and the NH3 emissions produced in the hot WHTC are relatively lower. For EGR faults, induced high flow rates decrease intake air mass and cause pronounced oscillations in the intake charge between 1600 and 1700 s. The torque response of NGEs demonstrates a consistent trend with variations in intake air flow rate. HC and CO emissions increase significantly; however, the weighted NOx emissions drop from 289.6 mg\/kW\u00b7h in the normal engine to 250.1 mg\/kW\u00b7h. The exhaust gas of NGEs with EGR orifices contains a higher O2 concentration, thereby resulting in lower NH3 levels in the reduction products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T18:02:19Z","timestamp":1787076139000},"page":"51169-51179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact Assessment\nof Induced System Faults on the\nPerformance of Natural Gas Engines"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green and low-carbon Assessment and Control for Mobile Source , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruibin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7581-7786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green and low-carbon Assessment and Control for Mobile Source , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green and low-carbon Assessment and Control for Mobile Source , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green and low-carbon Assessment and Control for Mobile Source , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Kunming, China, 650500"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Co., Ltd , ,","place":["Yulin, China, 537000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green and low-carbon Assessment and Control for Mobile Source , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guisheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Kunming, China, 650500"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2026.140510","article-title":"Investigation of Combustion\nChamber Geometry on Mixture Formation\nand Combustion Characteristics in a Heavy-Duty Direct-Injection Hydrogen\nEngine","volume":"348","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.138041","article-title":"Investigation of Knock Combustion\nMechanism and Injection Angle Optimization\nin a Heavy-Duty Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine","volume":"335","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.07.073","article-title":"Effect of\nBoosting on a Performance and Emissions in a Port Fuel Injection Natural\nGas Engine with Variable Intake and Exhaust Valve Timing","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119501","article-title":"Effect of Natural Gas\nComposition and Gas Interchangeability on Performance and Emission\nCharacteristics in an Air\u2013Fuel Controlled Natural Gas Engine","volume":"287","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.132286","article-title":"Evaluating\nPotential of Increasing Flow Intensity and Reducing Crevice Volume\nto Improve Thermal Efficiency and Hydrocarbon Emission in Spark-Ignition\nNatural Gas Engines","volume":"373","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.145869","article-title":"Assessment of Low-Carbon Hydrogen\nIntegration into Natural Gas Energy\nSystems beyond Blending: An Analysis of Pure H2 Communities in a Natural\nGas-Dependent Region","volume":"518","author":"Shibani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127092","article-title":"Effects of Ammonia Addition on the\nPerformance and Emissions for a Spark-Ignition Marine Natural Gas\nEngine","volume":"272","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.120272","article-title":"Computational Studies of Emission Sources in Direct\nFuel Injection Natural Gas Engines","volume":"293","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.121438","article-title":"A Comparative Study\nof Directly Injected, Spark Ignition Engine Performance\nand Emissions with Natural Gas, Gasoline and Charge Dilution","volume":"304","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.130911","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Impact\nof Miller Cycle Coupled EGR on a\nNatural Gas Engine","volume":"294","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307173550100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2018.06.005","article-title":"Engine Combustion and\nEmission Fuelled with Natural\nGas: A Review","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Energy Institute"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.129970","article-title":"Fuel Consumption and NOx Emissions Optimization of a Marine Natural\nGas Engine with Lean-Burn and Reformed Exhaust Gas Recirculation Strategies","volume":"357","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126833","article-title":"Emission Reduction\nCharacteristics of After-Treatment System on Natural Gas Engine: Effects\nof Platinum Group Metal Loadings and Ratios","volume":"298","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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Manag."},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit24","unstructured":"Sun, Z.\n          \n          Research on Flow\nField of Particulate Oxidation Catalyst and Optimization of Channel\nParameters. Master\u2019s Thesis, Chongqing University of Technology, 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307173550100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.13949\/j.cnki.nrjgc.2018.06.004","article-title":"Influence of Asymmetric\nCell Carrier on DPF and Diesel Engine Performance","volume":"39","author":"Yinggang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chinese internal combustion engine engineering"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.05.039","article-title":"Transient Emission\nCharacteristics of a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine at Stoichiometric\nOperation with EGR and TWC","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.098","article-title":"Ammonia Emissions of a Natural Gas\nEngine at the Stoichiometric Operation with TWC","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.133169","article-title":"The Performance and\nEmissions Behaviors of Methanol Heavy-Duty Vehicle under Cold Start\nand Hot Start of the WHTC Standard Condition","volume":"309","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2022.102377","article-title":"Experimental Study\non Transient Emissions Characteristics of a Heavy Duty Natural Gas\nEngine under World Harmonized Transient Cycle","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2018.01.002","article-title":"Modeling\nNitrogen Chemistry in Combustion","volume":"67","author":"Glarborg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Energy\nCombust. Sci."},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit31","volume-title":"Investigations of Combustion\nProcesses in SI CNG Engine for Conforming the Chinese State Emission\nStandard IV","author":"Si","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307173550100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2011.12.009","article-title":"Elucidating NH 3 Formation during\nNO x Reduction by CO on Pt-BaO\/Al 2O 3 in Excess Water","volume":"184","author":"Dasari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090307173550100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7965","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00712","article-title":"Elucidating\nN2O Formation during the Cyclic NOx Storage and Reduction Process\nUsing CO as a Reductant","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090307173550100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13673","DOI":"10.1021\/la901840z","article-title":"Impact of Thermal Aging on the Kinetic\nParameters of the NO\/H2 Reaction on Pd\/LaCoO3","volume":"25","author":"Dhainaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307173550100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-3373(98)00057-5","article-title":"Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reduction\nof Nitric Oxides by H2 under Lean-Burn Conditions on a Pt-Mo-Co\/\u03b1-Al2O3\nCatalyst","volume":"19","author":"Frank","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.05.055","article-title":"A Novel Pd-Doped\nPerovskite-Based LaCo0\u00b79Pd0\u00b71O3\u2013Ba\/Al2O3\nCatalyst Enhances NOx to Ammonia Reaction","volume":"69","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307173550100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c01249","article-title":"Low-Temperature\nAmmonia Production during NO Reduction by CO Is Due to Atomically\nDispersed Rhodium Active Sites","volume":"10","author":"Asokan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307173550100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1021\/ie2017866","article-title":"Global Kinetics for Ammonia Formation\nand Oxidation Reactions in a Commercial Three-Way Catalyst","volume":"51","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137583","article-title":"Research on\nReal-Road NH3 Emissions\nof China-6 Heavy-Duty Natural Gas and Diesel Vehicles","volume":"489","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.140139","article-title":"Assessment of Exhaust\nRaw Emissions and Aftertreatment Performance in a Retrofitted Heavy\nDuty-Spark Ignition Engine Operating with Liquefied Petroleum Gas","volume":"434","author":"Bermu\u0301dez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307173550100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.10.042","article-title":"Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emissions of a Spark-Ignition\nEngine Fuelled with Natural Gas\u2013Hydrogen Blends Combined with\nEGR","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"04","key":"2026090307173550100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.13949\/j.cnki.nrjgc.2017.04.006","article-title":"Effects of\nCold and Hot EGR on Diesel Engine Performance, Combustion and Emissions","volume":"38","author":"Shuaiying","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering"},{"key":"2026090307173550100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2012.05.021","article-title":"Combustion and Emission\nCharacteristics of a Natural\nGas-Fueled Diesel Engine with EGR","volume":"64","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Convers.\nManag."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307173550100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2006.11.008","article-title":"Ammonia Is a Hydrogen Carrier in the Regeneration of\nPt\/BaO\/Al2O3 NOx Traps with H2","volume":"246","author":"Cumaranatunge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026090307173550100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2007.11.038","article-title":"Selective Catalytic Reduction of\nNO by H2 in O2 on Pt\/BaO\/Al2O3Monolith NOx Storage Catalysts","volume":"81","author":"Clayton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090307173550100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2008.11.017","article-title":"Microkinetic\nModeling of Steady-State\nNO\/H2\/O2 on Pt\/BaO\/Al2O3 NOx Storage and Reduction Monolith Catalysts","volume":"89","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03737","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/51169\/66853826\/acsomega.6c03737.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/51169\/66853826\/acsomega.6c03737.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:17:45Z","timestamp":1788434265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/34\/51169\/5275715\/Impact-Assessment-of-Induced-System-Faults-on-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03737","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}