{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:25:09Z","timestamp":1786465509245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25H00792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25H00792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biological rhythms are fundamental to life but are highly complex and difficult to study directly in living systems. Understanding how these rhythms can be controlled is crucial for addressing rhythm disorders. This challenge has increased interest in software-based Artificial Life (ALife) approaches, which allow systematic investigation of rhythmic phenomena under controlled conditions. Here, we numerically examined the response of self-oscillating gels to external mechanical forces, focusing on fibrillation control and resonance. A coupled model of the Belousov\u2013Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction and gel volume changes reproduced the gel\u2019s intrinsic oscillations. Fibrillation, characterized by stable spiral waves and suppressed swelling\/contraction, was induced by inclined compression during early swelling. Applying multiple compressions at intervals corresponding to integer ratios of the gel\u2019s intrinsic period suppressed fibrillation, demonstrating resonance. The gel\u2019s oscillation period also synchronized with compressions near its intrinsic period or harmonics. These results highlight the potential of ALife approaches to elucidate mechanisms of biological rhythm disorders and suggest strategies for restoring coordinated oscillations, analogous to the resuscitation of a heart in a fibrillatory state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:03:37Z","timestamp":1785128617000},"page":"46419-46428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Life Approach for Controlling Fibrillation\nin Self-Oscillating Gels"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shun","family":"Oi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo , , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , ,","place":["Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-0982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryuhei","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo , , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , ,","place":["Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-2922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryo","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo , , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , ,","place":["Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9219-4521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasushi","family":"Shibuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo , , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , ,","place":["Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/35065745","article-title":"Synchronization\nand rhythmic processes in physiology","volume":"410","author":"Glass","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3484-3","volume-title":"The Geometry of Biological\nTime","author":"Winfree","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(86)90237-X","article-title":"Studying\nartificial life with cellular automata","volume":"22","author":"Langton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physica\nD"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.09.012","article-title":"Artificial\nlife: organization, adaptation and complexity from the bottom up","volume":"7","author":"Bedau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9602511","article-title":"Self-oscillating gel","volume":"118","author":"Yoshida","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200904075","article-title":"Self-Oscillating\nGels Driven by the Belousov\u2013Zhabotinsky Reaction as Novel Smart\nMaterials","volume":"22","author":"Yoshida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41428-022-00638-8","article-title":"Creation of\nsoftmaterials based on self-oscillating polymer gels","volume":"54","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700625","article-title":"Self-walking\ngel","volume":"19","author":"Maeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8360","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm03426f","article-title":"Exploiting gradients in cross-link density to control\nthe bending and self-propelled motion of active gels","volume":"21","author":"Kuksenok","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1021\/la403675z","article-title":"Periodic Reciprocating\nMotion of a Polymer Gel on an Aqueous Phase Synchronized with the\nBelousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction","volume":"30","author":"Nakata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/225535b0","article-title":"Concentration Wave Propagation in Two-dimensional Liquid-phase\nSelf-oscillating System","volume":"225","author":"Zaikin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit12","volume-title":"Oscillations and\ntravelling waves in chemical systems","author":"Field","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195096705.001.0001","volume-title":"An Introduction to\nNonlinear Chemical Dynamics: Oscillations, Waves, Patterns, and Chaos","author":"Epstein","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1039\/B813825G","article-title":"Cross-diffusion and pattern formation in reaction\u2013diffusion\nsystems","volume":"11","author":"Vanag","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201600889","article-title":"Light-Modulated Intermittent Wave Groups in a Diffusively\nFed Reactive Gel","volume":"55","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8649","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00780a001","article-title":"Oscillations in\nchemical systems.\nII. Thorough analysis of temporal oscillation in the bromate-cerium-malonic\nacid system","volume":"94","author":"Field","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1681288","article-title":"Oscillations in chemical systems.\nIV. Limit cycle behavior\nin a model of a real chemical reaction","volume":"60","author":"Field","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Chem.\nPhys."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(86)90007-2","article-title":"Spiral waves in\nthe Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction","volume":"21","author":"Keener","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physica\nD"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/jp709882h","article-title":"Direction\nControl of Chemical Wave\nPropagation in Self-Oscillating Gel Array","volume":"112","author":"Tateyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\nPhys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1021\/ma052622g","article-title":"Modeling Polymer\nGels Exhibiting Self-Oscillations\nDue to the Belousov\u2013Zhabotinsky Reaction","volume":"39","author":"Yashin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124707","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2672951","article-title":"Theoretical and\ncomputational modeling of self-oscillating\npolymer gels","volume":"126","author":"Yashin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35497k","article-title":"Chemo-responsive,\nself-oscillating gels that undergo biomimetic communication","volume":"42","author":"Kuksenok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7106","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202000110","article-title":"Programmed Locomotion\nof an Active Gel Driven by Spiral Waves","volume":"59","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2320331121","article-title":"Harmonic resonance\nand entrainment\nof propagating chemical waves by external mechanical stimulation in\nBZ self-oscillating hydrogels","volume":"121","author":"Geher-Herczegh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad.\nSci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/355349a0","article-title":"Stationary\nand drifting spiral waves of excitation in isolated cardiac muscle","volume":"355","author":"Davidenko","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"058101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.058101","article-title":"Unpinning and Removal\nof a Rotating Wave in Cardiac\nMuscle","volume":"93","author":"Takagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2017.11.029","article-title":"Three-dimensional morphologies of inclined equiaxed dendrites growing\nunder forced convection by phase-field-lattice Boltzmann method","volume":"483","author":"Sakane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm01007c","article-title":"Shape-\nand size-dependent patterns in self-oscillating\npolymer gels","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"2026081110193734600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c15550","article-title":"Chiral Locomotion\nTransitions of an Active Gel and Their Chemomechanical Origin","volume":"147","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03790","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/31\/46419\/66251516\/acsomega.6c03790.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/31\/46419\/66251516\/acsomega.6c03790.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:01:43Z","timestamp":1786460503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/31\/46419\/5232116\/Artificial-Life-Approach-for-Controlling"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}