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In this study, we present a comprehensive experimental investigation using a self-developed high-temperature true triaxial multiwell fracturing apparatus and an artificial dual-well model to systematically characterize the coupled influence of the temperature field, perforation spacing, and fracturing sequence on fracture interaction and stress perturbation. A series of fracturing experiments were conducted under varying thermal conditions and fracturing strategies (sequential and synchronous). A postfracturing quantitative analysis of fracture geometry was conducted using CT-derived three-dimensional reconstructions. Furthermore, we developed an improved U-Net neural-network framework to automatically identify fracture connectivity and spatial patterns from low-contrast CT images, achieving improved prediction accuracy over conventional linear models. The integrated \u201cphysical experiment\u2013quantitative fracture characterization\u2013neural-network recognition\u201d framework elucidates the competitive and synergistic mechanisms governing the coupled interactions among thermal, geometric, and stress shadow effects in deep reservoirs. The findings demonstrate that increasing perforation spacing weakens stress interference, promoting independent fracture growth. High temperatures reduce peak injection pressure and intensify complex fracture morphologies through thermal microcrack development. The machine-learning-based identification approach reliably discriminates fracture connectivity states and morphological types, offering a robust basis for optimizing multiwell fracturing design and evaluating post-treatment effectiveness in deep high-temperature tight reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:44:59Z","timestamp":1784681099000},"page":"45202-45218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Investigation\nof Thermally Induced Stress\nShadow Effects in Multiwell Hydraulic Fracturing and Neural-Network-Based\nFracture Identification"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shulin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Huanghai University , , ,","place":["Shandong, China, 266427"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9228-6072","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Huanghai University , , ,","place":["Shandong, China, 266427"]},{"name":"China University of Mining & Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4328-5301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenlong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Huanghai University , , ,","place":["Shandong, China, 266427"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Mining & Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026080409255006700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.46690\/ager.2025.08.08","article-title":"Multi-field\ncoupling controls the formation and evolution of deep reservoirs","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026080409255006700_cit49","unstructured":"Liu, P.\n          \n          Experimental\nand Numerical\nSimulating Studies on Hydrofracturing Mechanism of Glutenite; China University of Mining Science and Technology\nUniversity of Technology, 2017."},{"key":"2026080409255006700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2023.108191","article-title":"An adaptive finite\nelement method\nfor crack propagation based on a multifunctional super singular element","volume":"247","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. 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Geotech."},{"key":"2026080409255006700_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103684","article-title":"Stress shadow effects\nand microseismic\nevents during hydrofracturing of multiple vertical wells in tight\nreservoirs: A three-dimensional numerical model","volume":"84","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080409255006700_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-025-04498-5","article-title":"A Study on the Effective\nTracking of Hydraulic Fracturing\nFracture Development Based on Microseismic Data","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"2026080409255006700_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoen.2025.213825","article-title":"Numerical simulation\nof hydraulic fracturing optimization in multi-well and multi-layer\nshale gas development: Insights from inter-well interference analysis","volume":"250","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geoenergy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026080409255006700_cit57","unstructured":"Liu, P.\n          \n          Experimental\nand Numerical\nSimulating Studies on Hydrofracturing Mechanism of Glutenite; China University of Mining Science and Technology, 2017."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03797","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/30\/45202\/66104946\/acsomega.6c03797.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/30\/45202\/66104946\/acsomega.6c03797.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:26:18Z","timestamp":1785849978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/30\/45202\/5225640\/Experimental-Investigation-of-Thermally-Induced"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]}}}