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Citrate functionalization reduced the hydrodynamic diameter from \u223c600 nm to \u223c250 nm and increased the zeta potential magnitude from \u221215 mV to \u221235 mV, indicating significantly improved colloidal stability over 30 days. Antimicrobial assays against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans revealed that citrate-coated nanoparticles in suspension achieved comparable inhibition at concentrations up to 2-fold lower than uncoated counterparts. Importantly, after incorporation into 3D-printed PVA matrices, the systems retained \u226580% of the antimicrobial efficacy observed in suspension, with maximum log reductions of 5.3 (\u224899.9995% killing) against S. aureus at low nanoparticle loadings (0.83 mg\/mL). Cytotoxicity assays on HaCaT keratinocytes demonstrated a clear dose-dependent response for citrate-coated nanoparticles (IC50 = 3.5 mg\/mL, R2 = 0.986), whereas uncoated nanoparticles showed irregular behavior. Furthermore, zebrafish embryo toxicity tests further confirmed that citrate coating significantly reduced acute toxicity, with 0% mortality at 100 mg\/L for GDC-cit versus 80% for uncoated GDC. These results demonstrate that 3D-printed PVA systems incorporating citrate-functionalized GDC nanoparticles constitute a promising, scalable, and safer-by-design antimicrobial platform. The preservation of antimicrobial activity across distinct physicochemical environments highlights the potential of these systems to bridge the gap between nanomaterial development and practical biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:01:35Z","timestamp":1786089695000},"page":"47953-47970","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gadolinium-Doped\nCerium Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded\nin a 3D-Printed System for Antimicrobial Applications"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexandre Silva","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idejan Padilha","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , 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