{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:18:32Z","timestamp":1788218312151,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The spectral quality of light plays a fundamental role in regulating plant growth, photosynthesis, and metabolism, with LED technology being a promising tool for optimizing seedling production in controlled environments. However, studies that comprehensively evaluate the effects of different light spectra on the biometric, physiological, biochemical, and nutritional responses of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings are still limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different LED light spectra. This study investigated the effects of the colors white light (W), full-spectrum white light (WF), blue (B \u2013 450 nm), red (R \u2013 660 nm), 50% red (660 nm) and 50% blue (450 nm) (RB), and green (G \u2013 530 nm) on the growth, photosynthetic performance, production of bioactive compounds, and nutrient absorption in bell pepper seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replicates of 10 plants per treatment. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the parameters with statistical significance were analyzed using Tukey\u2019s multiple comparison test with a 95% confidence interval. Biometric parameters, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and macro- and micronutrient contents were evaluated, with the results integrated using principal component analysis (PCA). The different light spectra promoted specific and complementary physiological responses. The results indicated that R light promoted greater plant height and accumulation of aboveground biomass, while W light and the RB combination favored leaf expansion, and RB light resulted in greater absorption of essential micronutrients such as Zn, Cu, and Mn. The G spectrum induced greater accumulation of total phenolic compounds, suggesting the activation of secondary metabolic pathways related to oxidative stress. Photosynthetic performance was optimized under W light, reflecting greater CO2 assimilation. B light showed less expressive results for biometric parameters, photosynthetic assimilation rate, and water use efficiency. Principal component analysis explained 80.46% of the total variability of the data, highlighting associations between the different light spectra and the biometric, physiological, biochemical, and nutritional responses of the seedlings. The results demonstrated that the spectral quality of light can modulate, in an integrated way, the growth, photosynthetic performance, mineral nutrition, and secondary metabolism of pepper seedlings, according to the production objective. These findings reinforce the potential of LED technology as a tool to optimize the quality of seedlings produced in controlled environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T06:01:11Z","timestamp":1786773671000},"page":"49669-49681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Different\nLight Spectra on Metabolism,\nNutrition, and Photosynthetic Efficiency in the Development of Bell\nPepper Seedlings"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-5770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanessa Susana","family":"Rech Bisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]},{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Poersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketelyn","family":"Rubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruan Fogac\u0327a","family":"Feijo\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9376-6405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendel Paulo","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Fernandes","family":"Pauletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]},{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782010000200003","article-title":"Potassium and calcium doses on plant growth, fruit yield and quality\nof strawberries in soilless cultivation","volume":"40","author":"Andriolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rural\nSci."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13060819","article-title":"A critical review\nof methodologies for evaluating iron fertilizers based on iron reduction\nand uptake by strategic I Plants","volume":"13","author":"Arcas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit3","volume-title":"Plant stress: Theory\nand practice","author":"Broetto","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87911-7","article-title":"Red and blue wavelengths affect the\nmorphology, energy use efficiency and nutritional content of lettuce\n(Lactuca sativa L.)","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400033","DOI":"10.3732\/apps.1400033","article-title":"Easy Leaf Area: automated digital\nimage analysis for\nrapid and accurate measurement of leaf area","volume":"2","author":"Easlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Plant Sci."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-053620200213","article-title":"Effects of\nartificial light sources on growth and phytochemical content in green\noak lettuce","volume":"38","author":"Etae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hortic. Bras."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11060700","article-title":"Intermittent\nBlue Light Supplementation Affected Carbohydrate Accumulation and\nSugar Metabolism in Red-Light-Grown Tomato Seedlings","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit9","unstructured":"Global Food Sourcing & Data Hub.\n          \n          Fresh Bell\nPepper, https:\/\/www.tridge.com\/intelligences\/bell-pepper\/production, (July 29, 2025)."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit10","first-page":"39","article-title":"Interaction between\nsalinity and potassium on grain\nyield, carbohydrate content and nutrient uptake in pearl millet","volume":"5","author":"Heidari","year":"2010","journal-title":"ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit11","first-page":"347","volume-title":"The water culture\nmethod for growing plants without soils","author":"Hoagland","year":"1950"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15081959","article-title":"Effect of light\non productivity and nutrient composition of selected mint species\ngrown in a controlled environment","volume":"15","author":"Jadwisien\u0301czak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9020124","article-title":"Effect of Red and Blue\nLight on Cucumber Seedlings Grown in a Plant Factory","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54033\/cadpedv22n9-088","article-title":"Use\nof LEDs in horticulture as a strategy for sustainable agriculture:\na literature review","volume":"22","author":"Dias Ju\u0301nior","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cad. Pedago\u0301gico"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit15","first-page":"148","article-title":"Mineral content,\nessential oil components and biological activity of two mint species\n(M. piperita (M. piperitaL., M. spicataL.)","volume":"15","author":"Kizil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Field Crops"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-05362015000040000","article-title":"Supplemental LED lighting\nincreases\npansy growth","volume":"33","author":"Koksal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hortic. Bras."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13123","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha51213123","article-title":"Effects of red and\nblue light ratio on morphological characteristics and sexual expression\nof flowers in Cucurbita moschata Duch","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Not.\nBot. Horti. Agrobo."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.18188\/1983-1471\/sap.v16n1p137-144","article-title":"Use of light-emitting\ndiodes (LEDs) in the physiology\nof cultivated plants: a review","volume":"16","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2017","journal-title":"SSci. Agrar.\nParana."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit19","volume-title":"Evaluation of the\nnutritional status of plants: principles and applications","author":"Malavolta","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering6020060","article-title":"Preliminary Study on the Effect of\nArtificial Lighting on the Production of Basil, Mustard, and Red Cabbage\nSeedlings","volume":"6","author":"Maran","year":"2024","journal-title":"AgriEngineering"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit21","volume-title":"Biochemistry of Sulfur","author":"Marinho","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit22","first-page":"308p","volume-title":"Production\nOf Vegetable Seedlings","author":"Nascimento","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112673","article-title":"Spectral light\nquality regulates the morphogenesis, architecture,\nand flowering in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)","volume":"241","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol., B"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20220030","article-title":"Optimizing\nIn Vitro Growth Of Basil Using LED Lights","volume":"53","author":"de","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cie\u0302ncia\nRural"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit25","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Characterization of\nbell pepper production centers and producers in Brazil","author":"Pedroso","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/stresses4010006","article-title":"Supplementary\nLight on the Development of Lettuce and Cauliflower Seedlings","volume":"4","author":"Rizzon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stresses"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit27","volume-title":"Plant Physiology\nLaboratory Manual","author":"Ross","year":"1974"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.03.001","article-title":"Manganese\ndeficiency in plants: the\nimpact on photosystem II","volume":"21","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163121","article-title":"Sensitivity\nof Seven Diverse Species\nto Blue and Green Light: Interactions with Photon Flux","volume":"11","author":"Snowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8143","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3735","article-title":"The spectral\ncomposition of LED light differentially affects biomass, photosynthesis,\nnutrient profile, and leaf nitrate accumulation in lettuce grown under\nvarious nutrient solution replacement methods","volume":"11","author":"Soufi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-021-00879-3","article-title":"Effects of\npartial replacement of red by green light in the growth spectrum on\nphotomorphogenesis and photosynthesis in tomato plants","volume":"151","author":"Trojak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3390\/su17041712","article-title":"Use of Lighting\nTechnology in Controlled and Semi-Controlled Agriculture in Greenhouses\nand Protected Agriculture Systems - Part 1: Scientific and Bibliometric\nAnalysis","volume":"17","author":"Villagran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249373","article-title":"Photosynthetic apparatus performance of tomato seedlings\ngrown under various combinations of LED illumination","volume":"16","author":"Yousef","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.47.2.198","article-title":"Organic Fertilization and Its Effect\non Development of Sweet Pepper Transplants","volume":"47","author":"Gravel","year":"2012","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-2194(95)00037-M","article-title":"Transplant production\ntechniques in integrated crop\nmanagement of hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) under tropical lowland conditions","volume":"14","author":"Vos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12051075","article-title":"LED Technology Applied\nto Plant Development for Promoting the Accumulation of Bioactive Compounds:\nA Review","volume":"12","author":"Livadariu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05435-4","article-title":"Light regulation\nof the biosynthesis of phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids in plants","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/stresses3030040","article-title":"An Overview of Plant\nPhenolics and Their Involvement in Abiotic Stress Tolerance","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stresses"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.38.072902.092259","article-title":"Light signal\ntransduction in higher\nplants","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2049","article-title":"Light-regulated\ntranscriptional networks","volume":"8","author":"Jiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092859","article-title":"Phytochrome signaling\nin plants","volume":"59","author":"Bae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev.\nPlant Biol."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s207","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.000646","article-title":"Blue light\nreceptors and signal transduction","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit43","first-page":"10","article-title":"Physiological responses of plants under LED light","volume":"198","author":"Herna\u0301ndez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx098","article-title":"Don\u2019t ignore the green light","volume":"68","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1200354","article-title":"Contributions of\ngreen light to plant growth","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12102026","article-title":"The role of blue and\nred light in nutrient transport and plant quality","volume":"12","author":"Trivellini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026083119115311600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.51372\/bioagro382.4","article-title":"Daily lighting integral\nlevels on the quality of bell\npepper seeds under white led light","volume":"38","author":"Vega","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioagro"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03839","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/49669\/66588191\/acsomega.6c03839.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/49669\/66588191\/acsomega.6c03839.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:12:02Z","timestamp":1788217922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/33\/49669\/5258237\/Influence-of-Different-Light-Spectra-on-Metabolism"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03839","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]}}}