{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:52:52Z","timestamp":1789487572703,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biochar has been widely investigated as a soil conditioner due to its potential to improve the relationship between volumetric moisture and water mass, as well as to enhance water use efficiency in agricultural systems. However, there is still limited information regarding its influence on the physical-hydraulic properties of commercial substrates used for seedling production, particularly concerning water retention behavior and practical application in irrigation management. In this study, biochars produced from lemongrass biomass (BCL) and municipal solid waste (MSW) were characterized for physicochemical properties, nutritional composition, and levels of potentially toxic metals. The effect of adding these biochars in different proportions (zero, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10% m\u00b7m\u20131) on the physico-hydric properties and water retention behavior of a commercial substrate used for seedling production was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in pots under controlled conditions, with volumetric moisture and substrate mass measured at successive time points throughout saturation and gravitational drainage. The physical-hydric parameters of the substrate were evaluated, including volumetric moisture, electrical conductivity, water content at saturation, and water content at container capacity, and regression equations were adjusted to estimate available water. The materials exhibited an alkaline character, with pH values of 9.58 for BMSW and 8.83 for BCL, and differences in ash content, ranging from 15.12% m\u00b7m\u20131 in BCL to 36.45% m\u00b7m\u20131 in BMSW. The nutritional composition indicated the presence of macronutrients, including Ca, Mg, N, K, and P, with higher levels of Ca, N, and P in BMSW and higher levels of Mg and K in BCL. The levels of potentially toxic metals remained below the established limits for agricultural use, indicating environmental safety for application in the substrate. Although overall changes in most physical-hydraulic parameters were limited, biochar incorporation increased container capacity at the highest rates evaluated and enabled the development of a predictive operational model for estimating substrate water retention. This model allows for the estimation of substrate water availability based on volumetric moisture measurements, serving as a practical tool for irrigation management in seedling production systems. Specific differences were observed mainly for volumetric moisture, with values ranging from approximately 0.43 m3\u00b7m\u20133 in the control substrate to 0.53 m3\u00b7m\u20133 in the biochar treatments, especially at doses of 7.5% and 10.0% m\u00b7m\u20131 of BMSW and at a dose of 10% m\u00b7m\u20131 of BCL. The retention curves showed high linearity (R2 between 0.962 and 0.998), allowing estimation of the operationally available water in the substrate for water management purposes. It is concluded that biochar can act as a substrate conditioner contributing to the sustainable use of waste and offering a practical approach to irrigation management and increased water use efficiency in container-grown crops, without imposing environmental constraints on the metals evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:06:20Z","timestamp":1788350780000},"page":"53979-53988","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization\nof Biochars from Different Origins\nand Their Effects on the Physical-Hydric Properties and Water Use\nEfficiency in Commercial Substrates"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-5770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanessa Susana","family":"Rech Bisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]},{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruan Fogac\u0327a","family":"Feijo\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9376-6405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendel Paulo","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]},{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8630-1995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Fernandes","family":"Pauletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]},{"name":"University of Caxias do Sul , , Street Francisco Getu\u0301lio Vargas 1130 Petro\u0301polis , , ,","place":["Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, 95070-560"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su141711104","article-title":"Application of biochar for improving physical, chemical,\nand hydrological soil properties: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2017.01.0017","article-title":"Biochar and\nSoil Physical Properties","volume":"81","author":"Blanco-Canqui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am.\nJ."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ojss.2015.51001","article-title":"Biochar source and\napplication rate effects on soil water retention determined using\nwetting curves","volume":"05","author":"Brantley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit4","unstructured":"Bueno, C. C.\n          \n          Biochar structural\ncharacterization and interactions with nutrients and soil microorganisms.; P.h.D. Thesis, Doctoral thesis (Postgraduate Program in Environmental\nSciences), Sa\u0303o Paulo State University \u201cJu\u0301lio\nde Mesquita Filho\u201d: Sorocaba, 2017."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1972.26.5","article-title":"The physical properties of the substrates\nin horticulture","author":"De Boodt","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136857","article-title":"A meta-analysis on\nthe effects of\nbiochar on soil water properties \u2013 New perspectives and challenges\nfor future research","volume":"714","author":"Edeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.03.022","article-title":"Characterization\nof biochars to evaluate recalcitrance and agronomic performance","volume":"114","author":"Enders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-0347-1","article-title":"Use of Biochar Produced\nfrom Elephant Grass by Pyrolysis in a Screw Reactor as a Soil Amendment","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit9","volume-title":"Environmental Soil Physics","author":"Hillel","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104713","article-title":"Influence\nof biochar on the soil\nwater retention characteristics (SWRC): potential application in geotechnical\nengineering structures","volume":"204","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2011.08.015","article-title":"A quantitative review\nof the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity\nusing meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Jeffery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric., Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit12","first-page":"416","volume-title":"Biochar for Environmental\nManagement: Science and Technology","author":"Lehmann","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2011.04.022","article-title":"Biochar effects on soil biota \u2013 a review","volume":"43","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203762264","volume-title":"Biochar for Environmental\nManagement Science, Technology and Implementation","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46065-3","article-title":"Biochar - Based\nRoute for Environmentally Friendly\nControlled Release of Nitrogen: Urea-Loaded Biochar and Bentonite\nComposite","volume":"v. 9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit16","unstructured":"Maia, CMBF.\n          . Biochar:\na new tool in soil management. Proceedings of the II Forestry Update\nSeminar and XI Forestry Studies Week2010http:\/\/www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br\/alice\/handle\/doc\/860706.\nAccessed on 02\/02\/2026."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit17","volume-title":"Evaluation of the\nNutritional Status of Plants: Principles and Applications","author":"Malavolta","year":"1997"},{"issue":"281","key":"2026091510092963800_cit18","first-page":"48","article-title":"Biochar: the black earth of indigenous\npeoples and carbon sequestration","volume":"v. 47","author":"Mangrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cie\u0302ncia\nHoje"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-43662005000100004","article-title":"Models for determining the parameters of the van Genuchten equation\nfor a Cambisol","volume":"9","author":"de Mello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Agric. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167171","article-title":"A review of the next-generation biochar production\nfrom waste biomass for material applications","volume":"904","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10121255","article-title":"Validity of\na centrifuge-based method for determining the water retention curve\nof growing media","volume":"10","author":"Muhammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.03.141","article-title":"Effects\nof biochar and other amendments\non the physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions of an artificially\ndegraded soil","volume":"487","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit23","unstructured":"No\u0301brega, IPC.\n          . Effects\nof Biochar on the physical and chemical properties of soil:\nCarbon sequestration in soil; Ph.D. Universidade Te\u0301cnica de Lisboa: Dissertation\n(Master\u2019s in Environmental Engineering). Instituto Superior\nde Agronomia, Lisbon, 2011."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020311","article-title":"The potential\nof biochar to enhance the water retention properties of sandy agricultural\nsoils","volume":"12","author":"Ndede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-005-9007-4","article-title":"Carbon sequestration\nby carbonization\nof biomass and forestation: Three case studies","volume":"11","author":"Ogawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitigation Adapt. Strategies Glob. Change"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.114055","article-title":"Does biochar\nimprove soil water retention?\nA systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"361","author":"Razzaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit27","volume-title":"Soilless Culture: Theory and Practice","author":"Raviv","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit28","unstructured":"Santiago, A. D.; Rossetto, R.\n          Organic\nfertilization.\nEmbrapa\n          2022\n          https:\/\/www.embrapa.br\/en\/agencia-de-informacao-tecnologica\/cultivos\/cana-de-acucar\/producao\/correcao-e-adubacao\/diagnose-das-necessidades-nutricionais\/recomendacao-de-correcao-e-adubacao\/adubacao-organica. Accessed February 16, 2026."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2571-4","article-title":"Fodder radish seed cake biochar for soil amendment","volume":"25","author":"Silvestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit30","first-page":"573","volume-title":"Manual of Soil Analysis\nMethods","author":"Teixeira","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15030243","article-title":"Recent advances\nin biochar production, characterization,\nand environmental applications","volume":"15","author":"Varkolu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI14145-19","article-title":"Water and air relationships\nin propagation substrates","volume":"54","author":"Yafuso","year":"2019","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.298","article-title":"Ok, YS Characterization\nof bioenergy biochar and its utilization for metal\/metalloid immobilization\nin contaminated soil","volume":"640","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8545","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061354y","article-title":"Sorption and desorption behaviors\nof diuron in soils amended with charcoal","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\nAgric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.104992","article-title":"Effect of biochar and biochar particle\nsize on plant-available water of sand, silt loam, and clay soil","volume":"212","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510092963800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-025-01875-6","article-title":"Overview of biochar role in remediating\nsoil salinity\nstress in crops","volume":"6","author":"Zubairu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Sustainability."},{"key":"2026091510092963800_cit37","unstructured":"Bisi, V. S. R.\n          \n          Biochar\nde resi\u0301duo so\u0301lido urbano e de capim lima\u0303o para\na produc\u0327a\u0303o de mudas e remediac\u0327a\u0303o do solo.; Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Caxias do Sul2024."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03840","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/36\/53979\/67731311\/acsomega.6c03840.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/36\/53979\/67731311\/acsomega.6c03840.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:50:23Z","timestamp":1789483823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/36\/53979\/5360769\/Characterization-of-Biochars-from-Different"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]}}}