{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:38:31Z","timestamp":1793155111115,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo ?kolstv?, Ml?de?e a Telov?chovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LM2023037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2023037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Selective laser sintering (SLS) of polyamide 12 (PA12) generates large quantities of thermally aged powder whose altered crystallization behavior limits its complete reuse in additive manufacturing. In the present study, the feasibility of repurposing SLS-degraded PA12 powder in conventional melt-processing techniques is investigated. Thermo-analytical, diffraction, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques were employed to investigate the crystallization kinetics, crystal morphology, and mechanical properties of PA12 materials prepared from different SLS-processed powder grades, namely nondegraded (as purchased), degraded (recycled), and mixed (blended) PA12 powders. The mixed material (made from nondegraded and degraded powders in the weight ratio of 25\/75) exhibited markedly slower crystallization, especially during isothermal and slow-cooling conditions, attributed to molecular incompatibility and impaired cocrystallization between long, irregular degraded chains and shorter nondegraded chains. Advanced kinetic modeling using the temperature-dependent M-catalytic Hoffman\u2013Lauritzen framework confirmed increased nucleation barriers and distinct shifts in autocatalytic and growth-related kinetic parameters. Hot-stage microscopy further revealed distinct differences in the crystal growth kinetics, explaining the variable lamellae packing within forming spherulites. Mechanical properties of the melt-processed PA12 materials significantly differed below the glass transition temperature (Tg) \u2013 stiffness of the degraded material increased, while it decreased for the mixture. On the contrary, above Tg, the mechanical behavior was practically identical for the nondegraded material and for the blend with 75% of degraded material, which introduces an interesting alternative utilizing the SLS-processed PA12 powders in melting-based technologies, and provides guidance for optimizing compositions to balance processability, cost-effectiveness, and performance of the corresponding recycling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:50:46Z","timestamp":1784098246000},"page":"44044-44060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recycling Potential\nof SLS-Degraded PA12 Powder for\nMelt-Based Manufacturing: Insights Resulting from the Advanced Crystallization\nModeling"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-366X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roman","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pardubice , , Studentska\u0301 573 , ,","place":["Pardubice, Czech Republic, 532 10"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Vlachynsky\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tomas Bata University in Zli\u0301n , , Vavrec\u030ckova 5669 , ,","place":["Zli\u0301n, Czech Republic, 760 01"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jas\u030cka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tomas Bata University in Zli\u0301n , , Vavrec\u030ckova 5669 , ,","place":["Zli\u0301n, Czech Republic, 760 01"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4748-2767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jana","family":"Machotova\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pardubice , , Studentska\u0301 573 , ,","place":["Pardubice, Czech Republic, 532 10"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1600-0526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jana","family":"Navra\u0301tilova\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tomas Bata University in Zli\u0301n , , Vavrec\u030ckova 5669 , ,","place":["Zli\u0301n, Czech Republic, 760 01"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026072810101018700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2020-0039","article-title":"Crystal transition and\nthermal behavior of nylon 12","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"e-Polym."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072810101018700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2018-0255","article-title":"Effect of\nthe orientation on the\nfatigue crack growth of polyamide 12 manufactured by selective laser\nsintering","volume":"25","author":"Cano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072810101018700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-05-2020-0101","article-title":"Effect of thickness\nand build orientation on the water vapor and oxygen permeation properties\nof laser-sintered polyamide 12 sheets","volume":"27","author":"Liebrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rapid\nPrototyping J."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026072810101018700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14153025","article-title":"The composites\nof polyamide\n12 and metal oxides with high antimicrobial activity","volume":"14","author":"Latko-Dura\u0142ek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072810101018700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062405","article-title":"Influence of antibacterial coating\nand mechanical and chemical treatment on the surface properties of\npa12 parts manufactured with sls and mjf techniques in the context\nof medical applications","volume":"16","author":"Bazan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072810101018700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14112167","article-title":"Mechanical\nand tribological properties of 3d printed polyamide 12 and sic\/pa12\ncomposite by selective laser sintering","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072810101018700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.26203","article-title":"Optimizing the mechanical\nproperties of tio2\/pa12 nano-composites fabricated by sls 3d printing","volume":"63","author":"Afshari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. 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Stand."},{"key":"2026072810101018700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10020168","article-title":"Crystallization\nKinetics of Polyamide\n12 during Selective Laser Sintering","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026072810101018700_cit47","unstructured":"Amado, A.; Wegener, K.; Schmid, M.; Levy, G.\n          Characterization and\nModeling of Non-isothermal\nCrystallization of Polyamide 12 and co-Polypropylene during the SLS\nProcess, Proceedings of the 5th International Polymers &\nMoulds Innovations Conference, Ghent, Belgium, 2012; pp 207\u2013216."},{"key":"2026072810101018700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.124256","article-title":"Non-isothermal crystallization behaviour\nof polyamide 12 analogous\nto multi-jet fusion additive manufacturing process","volume":"235","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026072810101018700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s003960000425","article-title":"The\ncrystallization\nkinetics of polyamide-12","volume":"279","author":"Plummer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. 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