{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:54:55Z","timestamp":1791302095306,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15608124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15608124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010428","name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ITP\/002\/23TP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITP\/002\/23TP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The large amount of waste underwear generated has a considerable impact on the environment. Searching for more sustainable underwear materials and designs is important for effective air, thermal, and moisture management. However, sustainable cotton underwear is much less effective in moisture transport and in inhibiting the growth of bacteria and mites. Here, a hierarchically porous knitted fabric (HPKF) made from sustainable cotton and polylactic acid (PLA) fiber materials, constructed using an asymmetrical knitting pore design, is developed. The HPKF not only shows excellent moisture management compared to cotton fabric but also achieves a remarkable 27% increase in water evaporation rate. Furthermore, this design outperforms existing directional water transport fabrics by introducing antibacterial and antimite properties in its inner layer. The sustainable design and manufacturing processes align with the current textile industry infrastructure, offering enormous potential environmental benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:02:10Z","timestamp":1789981330000},"page":"58908-58917","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Asymmetrical Pore\nDesign of Sustainable Underwear\nfor Improved Intimate Comfort"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic University , , Liuxian Avenue , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0622-4497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17051119","article-title":"Study on the Permeability\nand Absorption Performance of the Crotch Layer in Seamless Knitted\nPeriod Underwear","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit2","first-page":"478","article-title":"Incidence of vulvovaginal\ncandidiasis among Nigeria women in tight fitting underwears: The need\nfor counseling and health education","volume":"3","author":"Akpan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Public\nHealth Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11240","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-01173-3","article-title":"Microfiber pollution:\nan ongoing major environmental issue related to the sustainable development\nof textile and clothing industry","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev.\nSustain."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137317","article-title":"Death by waste: Fashion\nand textile circular economy case","volume":"718","author":"Shirvanimoghaddam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.166","article-title":"Microfibres from apparel and home\ntextiles: Prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustainability\nassessment","volume":"652","author":"Henry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517517700192","article-title":"Determination\nof the effect of fabric properties on the coupled heat and moisture\ntransport of underwear\u2013shirt fabric combinations","volume":"88","author":"Atasag\u0306un","year":"2018","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1515\/aut-2018-0030","article-title":"Liquid moisture transportation properties\nof functional\nunderwears: part 1","volume":"19","author":"Hussainn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autex Res. J."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175231204373","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance properties\nof modacrylic-cotton blended underwear fabrics manufactured for firefighters","volume":"94","author":"Onuktav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000410","article-title":"Effectiveness\nof silk fabric underwear as an adjuvant tool in the management of\nvulvar lichen simplex chronicus: results of a double-blind randomized\ncontrolled trial","volume":"22","author":"Corazza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2016.1221212","article-title":"Exposure of women\nto trace elements through the skin\nby direct contact with underwear clothing","volume":"52","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\nEnviron. Sci. Health, Part A"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.35530\/IT.074.04.2022101","article-title":"Study\nof physical, moisture-management and stretch properties of underwear\nfabrics","volume":"74","author":"Zulifqar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Text."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/app.20879","article-title":"Biodegradability\nof cellulose fabrics","volume":"94","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201904113","article-title":"Bioinspired Janus textile with conical\nmicropores for human body moisture and thermal management","volume":"31","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.01.074","article-title":"Effects of clothing and fibres properties\non the heat and mass transport, for different body heat\/sweat releases","volume":"117","author":"Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517507080696","article-title":"Moisture absorption\nand release of profiled polyester and cotton composite knitted fabrics","volume":"77","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14087","DOI":"10.1021\/am503417w","article-title":"Tailoring surface hydrophilicity\nof porous electrospun nanofibers\nto enhance capillary and push\u2013pull effects for moisture wicking","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202107150","article-title":"Superior unidirectional\nwater transport and mechanically stable 3D orthogonal woven fabric\nfor human body moisture and thermal management","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-022-00200-4","article-title":"Bioinspired stable single-layer Janus\nfabric with directional water\/moisture\ntransport property for integrated personal cooling management","volume":"5","author":"Si","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b08242","article-title":"Biomimetic fibrous murray membranes with ultrafast\nwater transport\nand evaporation for smart moisture-wicking fabrics","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.01.063","article-title":"Multi-scaled interconnected inter-and\nintra-fiber porous janus membranes for enhanced directional moisture\ntransport","volume":"565","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-024-00444-2","article-title":"Advanced janus\nmembrane with directional sweat transport and integrated passive cooling\nfor personal thermal and moisture management","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155730","article-title":"Moisture-wicking Janus-structure\nelectronic knitted fabric for multimodal wearable mechanical sensing","volume":"498","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138012","article-title":"Sandwich-Structured\ntextiles with hierarchically nanofibrous network and Janus wettability\nfor outdoor personal thermal and moisture management","volume":"450","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202409807","article-title":"Sweat Gland-Like Fabric for Personal\nThermal-Wet Comfort Management","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202001427","article-title":"Smart textiles with\nJanus wetting and wicking properties fabricated by graphene oxide\ncoatings","volume":"8","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18944","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c03136","article-title":"A trilayered\ncomposite fabric with directional water transport and resistance to\nblood penetration for medical protective clothing","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202406906","article-title":"Advances in directional liquid transport\ntextiles: mechanism, construction,\nand applications","volume":"34","author":"Kuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53105","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c11006","article-title":"Sweat gland-inspired\nskin-like fabric with directional water transport and durability for\nefficient personal moisture management","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS\nAppl. Mater. 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Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.131131","article-title":"Multifunctional cotton fabric with directional water\ntransport, UV\nprotection and antibacterial properties based on tannin and laser\ntreatment","volume":"664","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/appliedchem5010001","article-title":"A comparative\nreview on biodegradation of poly (lactic acid) in soil, compost, water,\nand wastewater environments: incorporating mathematical modeling perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Hajilou","year":"2025","journal-title":"AppliedChem."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25511","article-title":"A review on degradation\nmechanisms of polylactic acid:\nHydrolytic, photodegradative, microbial, and enzymatic degradation","volume":"60","author":"Zaaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15143096","article-title":"Biodegradable\npolylactic acid and its composites: Characteristics, processing, and\nsustainable applications in sports","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083714555779","article-title":"Development\nof cotton-rich\/polylactic acid fiber blend knitted fabrics for sports\ntextiles","volume":"45","author":"Guruprasad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845696504.2.257","article-title":"Synthesis, Properties\nand Structure of Polylactic Acid Fibres","volume-title":"Handbook of Textile Fibre Structure","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026100610471710000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/3244\/1\/012005","article-title":"Performance\nevaluation and comparative study of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyester\n(PET) wadding materials","volume":"3244","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03941","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/58908\/68570492\/acsomega.6c03941.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/58908\/68570492\/acsomega.6c03941.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:03:40Z","timestamp":1791299020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/58908\/5433686\/Asymmetrical-Pore-Design-of-Sustainable-Underwear"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c03941","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}