{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:09:34Z","timestamp":1790698174157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017425","name":"Pr?-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P?s-Gradua??o, Universidade Federal do Par?","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019831","name":"Conselho Nacional das Funda??es Estaduais de Amparo ? Pesquisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.005983\/2024-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.005983\/2024-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019831","name":"Conselho Nacional das Funda??es Estaduais de Amparo ? Pesquisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.199173\/2025-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.199173\/2025-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Conventional water treatment typically employs chemical coagulants and flocculants, such as aluminum sulfate and iron salts. However, the intensive use of these products can lead to negative environmental impacts and pose significant health risks. In this context, bioflocculants derived from renewable sources, such as tannins extracted from ac\u0327ai\u0301 seeds (Euterpe oleracea), represent a promising alternative for sustainable production. This study investigated the efficiency of a cationic bioflocculant (BioTAC), developed from ac\u0327ai\u0301 seed tannins and chemically modified via the Mannich reaction, for the removal of toxic metals from aqueous media. Structural characterization of BioTAC was performed using mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (MIR-FTIR), and metal removal efficiency was assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at various bioflocculant concentrations (52\u201387 parts per billion, ppb) and pH values (4\u201310). The FTIR spectra revealed characteristic absorption bands in the \u223c3300 cm\u20131 region, corresponding to O\u2013H stretching, as well as peaks at \u223c2930, \u223c2880 cm\u20131, \u223c1750 cm\u20131, and \u223c1610 cm\u20131, and bands between 950 and 1150 cm\u20131. The high removal rates (91\u2013100%) for aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and uranium (U) were achieved with concentrations between 69 and 87 ppb in an alkaline medium. Alkalinization was found to be crucial, as it promoted the deprotonation of the phenolic hydroxyl groups, thereby enhancing the chelation capacity for metal ions. Consequently, the application of BioTAC not only mitigates agro-industrial waste but also reduces dependence on chemical agents for treating water contaminated with toxic metals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T15:01:18Z","timestamp":1789311678000},"page":"57016-57025","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing the\nProduction of a Condensed Tannin-Based\nBioflocculant for Toxic Metal Remediation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5092-3784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara Raissa Lobato","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 , , Perimetral da Cie\u0302ncia Avenue, s\/n, Espac\u0327o Inovac\u0327a\u0303o Building , Guama\u0301, , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Para\u0301, Brazil, 66075-750"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2028-0025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Je\u0301ssica Lyssa","family":"Arau\u0301jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 , , Perimetral da Cie\u0302ncia Avenue, s\/n, Espac\u0327o Inovac\u0327a\u0303o Building , Guama\u0301, , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Para\u0301, Brazil, 66075-750"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4861-9084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Camilla Mariane Moura","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guama\u0301 Science and Technology Park (PCT Guama\u0301), Federal University of Para\u0301 , , Perimetral da Cie\u0302ncia Avenue, km 01, s\/n, Espac\u0327o Inovac\u0327a\u0303o Building , Guama\u0301, , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Para\u0301, Brazil, 66075-750"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Gabriel da Silva","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 , , Bettina Ferro de Souza Street, Universita\u0301rio , , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Para\u0301, Brazil, 66075-110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kleber Raimundo Freitas","family":"Faial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evandro Chagas Institute, Environment Section, Toxicology Laboratory , BR-316 Highway, km 7, s\/n , Ananindeua, , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Para\u0301, Brazil, 67030-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3518-6541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neirivaldo Cavalcante","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 , , Perimetral da Cie\u0302ncia Avenue, s\/n, Espac\u0327o Inovac\u0327a\u0303o Building , Guama\u0301, , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Para\u0301, Brazil, 66075-750"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilton Akio","family":"Muto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u0301 , , Perimetral da Cie\u0302ncia Avenue, s\/n, Espac\u0327o Inovac\u0327a\u0303o Building , Guama\u0301, , ,","place":["Bele\u0301m, Para\u0301, Brazil, 66075-750"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit1","volume-title":"PNAD \u2013 Conti\u0301nua\nCaracteri\u0301sticas Gerais dos Domici\u0301lios e Moradores","author":"IBGE.","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w17131934","article-title":"Industrial\nWastewater\nTreatment by Coagulation\u2013Flocculation and Advanced Oxidation\nProcesses: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Lucas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227953","article-title":"Optimization of coagulation-flocculation\nprocess in efficient arsenic removal from highly contaminated groundwater\nby response surface methodology","volume":"27","author":"Amiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w16172386","article-title":"Exposure\nto Aluminum in Drinking Water and the Risk of Developing Alzheimer\u2019s\nDisease: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Cutipa-Di\u0301az","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15122185","article-title":"Arsenic in\nDrinking Water and Urinary Tract Cancers: A Systematic Review Update","volume":"15","author":"Issanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.10.023","article-title":"Industrial metal pollution\nin water and probabilistic assessment\nof human health risk","volume":"185","author":"Saha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit7","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Contamination\nof drinking-water by\narsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency","volume":"78","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit8","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ac\u0327ai\u0301:\nproduc\u0327a\u0303o de frutos, mercado e consumo","volume-title":"II Jornada Cienti\u0301fica","author":"Bezerra","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.04.001","article-title":"Biochar as a sustainable alternative to ac\u0327ai\u0301\nwaste disposal in Amazon, Brazil","volume":"139","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Saf.\nEnviron. Prot."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150902","article-title":"What compound\ninside biocoagulants\/bioflocculants is contributing the most to the\ncoagulation and flocculation processes?","volume":"806","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v12i11.43799","article-title":"Valorizac\u0327a\u0303o\ndos resi\u0301duos da agroindu\u0301stria\nde beneficiamento do ac\u0327ai\u0301: Uma revisa\u0303o","volume":"12","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2879-9","article-title":"Tannins for wastewater treatment","volume":"2","author":"Kavitha","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12020352","article-title":"Implementation\nof modified acacia tannin by mannich reaction for\nremoval of heavy metals (Cu, Cr and Hg)","volume":"12","author":"Lugo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.09.104","article-title":"Removing heavy\nmetals from polluted surface water with a tannin-based flocculant\nagent","volume":"165","author":"Beltra\u0301n Heredia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201900060","article-title":"Tannin-adsorbents\nfor water decontamination and for the recovery of critical metals:\ncurrent state and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol.\nJ."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit16","unstructured":"NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology.\n          . Certificate of Analysis. Standard Reference Material\n1640a: Trace Elements in Natural Water, 2010."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(75)85197-1","article-title":"Phytochemistry\nof proanthocyanidins","volume":"14","author":"Bate-Smith","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasco, M. F.; Brasil, D. S. B. In  Obtenc\u0327a\u0303o\nde floculante vegetal catio\u0302nico a partir de taninos extrai\u0301dos\ndos resi\u0301duos so\u0301lidos da produc\u0327a\u0303o de ac\u0327ai\u0301\nno estado do Para\u0301, 6\u00b0 Congresso Internacional\nde Tecnologias para o Meio Ambiente; Bento Gonc\u0327alves,\nRio Grande do Sul, 2018.","DOI":"10.22533\/at.ed.43519210222"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit19","unstructured":"WHO - World Health Organization.\n          . 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A\u0301rvore"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f14071433","article-title":"Pine bark as a potential source of condensed tannin:\nanalysis through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning\nelectron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)","volume":"14","author":"Feria-Reyes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42825-023-00128-4","article-title":"Tannin characterization and sourcing in historical\nleathers through FTIR spectroscopy and PCA analysis","volume":"5","author":"Koochakzaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Collagen Leather"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2014.1000461","article-title":"Application of Fourier Transform\nInfrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy\nin the Characterization of Tannins","volume":"50","author":"Ricci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc.\nRev."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112615","article-title":"A Comprehensive\nAnalysis of Diversity, Structure, Biosynthesis and Extraction of Biologically\nActive Tannins from Various Plant-Based Materials Using Deep Eutectic\nSolvents","volume":"29","author":"Molnar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.016","article-title":"Comparison of the impact\nof different extraction methods on polyphenols yields and tannins\nextracted from Moroccan Acacia mollissima barks","volume":"70","author":"Naima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.10.006","article-title":"Characterization\nof condensed tannins and carbohydrates\nin hot water bark extracts of European softwood species","volume":"120","author":"Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121745","article-title":"Bark tannins:\nExtraction methods,\ncharacterization, and reactivity","volume":"235","author":"Abda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops\nProd."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22010109","article-title":"The first report of\nenvironmental exposure to barium in 10 localities close to industrial\nareas and ports in the Amazon","volume":"22","author":"Chagas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ.\nRes. 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Plant\nPhysiol."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.134925","article-title":"pH-dependent\naggregation of tannic acid: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"701","author":"Certiat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.06.033","article-title":"Removal of\nantimony (V) and antimony (III) from drinking\nwater by coagulation\u2013flocculation\u2013sedimentation (CFS)","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w10040418","article-title":"Removal\nof Sb(III) and Sb(V) by ferric chloride coagulation: Implications\nof Fe solubility","volume":"10","author":"Inam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15091676","article-title":"Competitive\nRemoval of Antimony and Humic Acid by Ferric Chloride: Optimization\nof Coagulation Process Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"15","author":"Inam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19649","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA02716G","article-title":"High-efficiency removal\nof As(III) from groundwater using siderite as the iron source in the\nelectrocoagulation process","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18143378","article-title":"Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium from a Variety of Resources: A\nReview","volume":"18","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137809","article-title":"Effects of\ntree harvesting time and tannin cold\/hot-water extraction procedures\non the performance of spruce tannin biocoagulant for water treatment","volume":"449","author":"Bello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met14111231","article-title":"Precipitation\u2013flotation\nprocess for molybdenum\nand uranium separation from wastewater","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136463","article-title":"A novel pH-responsive\nflocculant for efficient separation and recovery\nof Cu and Mo from secondary resources via selective flocculation-flotation","volume":"395","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.09.090","article-title":"Selenium removal\nfrom petroleum refinery wastewater\nusing an electrocoagulation technique","volume":"364","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w17152241","article-title":"Recent Progress in Selenium Remediation from Aqueous Systems: State-of-the-Art\nTechnologies, Challenges, and Prospects","volume":"17","author":"Inam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-026-07100-9","article-title":"Natural-based coagulants\/flocculants\nfor microplastics and nanoplastics removal via coagulation\u2013flocculation:\na systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Hanif","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121078","article-title":"Fabricating\nlignin-derived flocculants \u2013 A review","volume":"230","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46934","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15299-y","article-title":"Biopolymer-based flocculants: a review\nof recent technologies","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut.\nRes."},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11081349","article-title":"Factorial design\nand optimization of landfill leachate treatment using tannin-based\nnatural coagulant","volume":"11","author":"Banch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.01.039","article-title":"Municipal\nwastewater treatment by\nmodified tannin flocculant agent","volume":"249","author":"Beltra\u0301n-Heredia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit52","first-page":"347","article-title":"Developments in Extraction,\nPurification, and Structural Elucidation of Proanthocyanidins (2000\u20132019)","volume-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry","author":"Qin","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026092911104198800_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2022.120","article-title":"Application\nof tannin-based coagulant for high-range turbidity surface water clarification","volume":"12","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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