{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:44:52Z","timestamp":1791924292831,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/X038408\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X038408\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\\R2\\232347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\\R2\\232347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys offer a promising alternative to permanent orthopedic implants due to their bone-like mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and complete degradation in vivo. However, the rapid dissolution that occurs during the early stages of immersion remains a critical challenge in their feasibility as a resorbable implant. In this work, RF magnetron-sputtered calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings of \u223c0.5 \u03bcm and \u223c1 \u03bcm thickness corresponding to 15- and 30-hour deposition times, respectively, were applied to a WE22 alloy. The effect on initial dissolution behavior, ion release, and cellular responses was evaluated when immersed for 1, 7, and 24 h. Uncoated WE22 exhibited rapid dissolution with substantial Mg2+ release (\u223c18 mg\/L at 24 h) and raised pH levels from \u223c7 to \u223c8.8. While \u223c0.5 \u03bcm CaP coatings reduced these effects, they showed greater mass gain and protein adhesion, suggesting potential coating inhomogeneity or nano-defects trapping corrosion constituents. The \u223c1 \u03bcm coating provided notable corrosion resistance and maintained a dissolution environment most comparable to physiological conditions. U-2 OS cell viability assessments, including RR assay, DAPI staining, and SEM study, determined that cytotoxicity was concentration-dependent across all time points (p &amp;lt; 0.001), with 100% corrosion medium and uncoated WE22 most detrimental to viability. These findings demonstrate the potential for CaP coatings to effectively delay or control the initial corrosion of WE22 while providing enhanced biocompatibility compared to the uncoated substrate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1790776958000},"page":"60848-60861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Initial\nDissolution Behavior on Cellular\nResponse in Uncoated and Calcium Phosphate-Coated Magnesium Alloy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5520-9721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aoife","family":"McFerran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University , , , ,","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom, BT15 1AP"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Griebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Wayne Metals , , ,","place":["Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States, 46809"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Wayne Metals , , ,","place":["Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States, 46809"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellamay","family":"McIlhatton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University , , , ,","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom, BT15 1AP"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University , , , ,","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom, BT15 1AP"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University , , , ,","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom, BT15 1AP"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Acheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University , , , ,","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom, BT15 1AP"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-022-00182-x","article-title":"A review\nof current challenges and prospects of magnesium and its alloy for\nbone implant applications","volume":"11","author":"Nasr Azadani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Progress in Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12181819","article-title":"Advances and Challenges\nin Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infections","volume":"12","author":"Galasso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.112850","article-title":"Titanium-Based alloys\nand composites for orthopedic implants Applications: A comprehensive\nreview","volume":"241","author":"Abd-Elaziem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials & Design"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12121447","article-title":"Biomimetic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite\nLayer on Titanium\nAlloys","volume":"12","author":"Baltatu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101745","article-title":"Titanium for Orthopedic\nApplications: An Overview of Surface Modification to Improve Biocompatibility\nand Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation","volume":"23","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15122601","article-title":"Biomaterials as Implants\nin the Orthopedic Field for Regenerative\nMedicine: Metal versus Synthetic Polymers","volume":"15","author":"Al-Shalawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2025.08.012","article-title":"Biodegradable\nMg-based medical devices: From passive\nsupport to active modulation","volume":"13","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Magnesium\nand Alloys"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings15020124","article-title":"Preparation\nand Characterization of Mg-Based Biomaterials with Bioactive Surfaces\nFunctionalized with EU\/Gd NPs for Bone Tissue Regeneration Obtained\nvia PEO Process","volume":"15","author":"Kuz\u0301miak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15030256","article-title":"Advances in Magnesium-Based Biomaterials: Strategies\nfor Enhanced Corrosion Resistance, Mechanical Performance, and Biocompatibility","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.06.024","article-title":"Biodegradable Mg alloys for orthopedic\nimplants \u2013 A review","volume":"9","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Magnesium\nand Alloys"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.10.025","article-title":"Corrosion in Mg-alloy biomedical implants- the strategies to reduce\nthe impact of the corrosion inflammatory reaction and microbial activity","volume":"10","author":"Saha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12030407","article-title":"Corrosion\nof Metallic Biomaterials: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Eliaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9041694","article-title":"Magnesium\nand Human Health: Perspectives and Research Directions","volume":"2018","author":"Al Alawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2025.11.001","article-title":"Calcium phosphate and\nion-substituted coatings for resorbable magnesium-based\nbone implants: A review","volume":"16","author":"McFerran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Magnesium\nand 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implants","volume":"6","author":"Acheson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materialia"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit18","unstructured":"Standard\nGuide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals.  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Technol."},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11020045","article-title":"Evaluation of the In\nVivo Biocompatibility of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Containing\nMetals","volume":"11","author":"Moerbeck-Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.08.104","article-title":"Fabrication, ultra-structure\ncharacterization and in vitro studies\nof RF magnetron sputter deposited nano-hydroxyapatite thin films for\nbiomedical applications","volume":"317","author":"Surmeneva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Surface Science"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2026.01.234","article-title":"Adhesion mechanisms,\nevaluation techniques and modeling strategies\nin PVD coatings: From fundamentals to data-driven design","volume":"41","author":"Jan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2025.107027","article-title":"A review of\nthe application of inorganic non-metallic coatings on PEEK dental\nimplants","volume":"72","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surfaces and Interfaces"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15151199","article-title":"State of Art and Perspective\nof Calcium Phosphate-Based Coatings\nCoupled with Bioactive Compounds for Orthopedic Applications","volume":"15","author":"Montesissa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2012.11.137","article-title":"Influence of titanium-substrate roughness on\nCa\u2013P\u2013O thin films grown by atomic layer deposition","volume":"531","author":"Ananda Sagari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0297660","article-title":"The mechanism of hydroxyapatite coatings degradation\nat high substrate\ntemperatures","volume":"139","author":"Kylychbekov","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.02.001","article-title":"In vitro corrosion resistance\nof layer-by-layer assembled polyacrylic\nacid multilayers induced Ca\u2013P coating on magnesium alloy AZ31","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioactive Materials"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401307","article-title":"Calcium Phosphates:\nA Key to Next-Generation In Vitro Bone Modeling","volume":"13","author":"Pandit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac044","article-title":"Proteomics reveals differential adsorption of angiogenic platelet\nlysate proteins on calcium phosphate bone substitute materials","volume":"9","author":"da Costa Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regenerative Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2025.05.009","article-title":"Advances in magnesium-based\nimplants for biomedical applications:\nA comprehensive review and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Magnesium and Alloys"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110712","article-title":"Advanced characterization\nof albumin adsorption on a chemically treated\nsurface for osseointegration: An innovative experimental approach","volume":"218","author":"Barberi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials & Design"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072613","article-title":"Corrosion\nBehavior\nin Magnesium-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026101315092412200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.768579","article-title":"Impact of Extracellular\npH on Apoptotic and Non-Apoptotic\nTRAIL-Induced Signaling in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells","volume":"10","author":"Hagelund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04124","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04124\/68712861\/acsomega.6c04124.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04124\/68712861\/acsomega.6c04124.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:29Z","timestamp":1791920969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/40\/60848\/5442452\/Effect-of-Initial-Dissolution-Behavior-on-Cellular"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04124","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}