{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:11:09Z","timestamp":1790093469133,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003764","name":"China National Offshore Oil Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJZH-2025-2208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZH-2025-2208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Bohai N extra-heavy oil reservoir suffers from severe inter-well steam channeling, high water cut, and high water recovery rate during cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), which is primarily caused by preferential flow paths formed by interchannel microfacies (low-quality reservoirs with permeability of 200\u2013500 mD and water saturation of 40\u201370%). Conventional nitrogen foam cannot effectively plug such channels due to its insufficient mechanical strength and long-term stability. In this study, a high-strength, high-temperature-resistant, and degradable inorganic gel (HSHTR-IG) was developed. Its optimal formula is determined as 20 wt % polysulfonated magnesium aluminum silicate (main agent), 3 wt % polyamide (cross-linker), 1 wt % stabilizer, and 1 wt % high-temperature corrosion inhibitor. Laboratory tests show that the system has a thermal decomposition temperature of 380 \u00b0C; after aging at 350 \u00b0C for 30 days, its breakthrough pressure reaches 3.96 MPa, and the plugging efficiency exceeds 97.5%. CMG STARS simulations predict that HSHTR-IG can divert steam into high-quality pay zones, increasing the steam sweep efficiency from 42% to 68%. Field application in Well A15H increased the daily oil production from 30 m3 to 63 m3, reduced the water cut from 75% to 54%, and achieved an input\u2013output ratio of 6.29 at an oil price of $50 per barrel. This work provides a reliable enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique for offshore extra-heavy oil reservoirs with well-developed preferential flow paths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:09:25Z","timestamp":1788534565000},"page":"55555-55564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of\nHigh-Strength, High-Temperature-Resistant,\nand Degradable Inorganic Gel for Preferential Flow Path Plugging in\nCyclic Steam Stimulation of Bohai N Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoir"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6046-8899","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liangyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd. , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]},{"name":"CNOOC Key Laboratory of Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd. , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]},{"name":"CNOOC Key Laboratory of Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd. , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]},{"name":"CNOOC Key Laboratory of Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd. , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]},{"name":"CNOOC Key Laboratory of Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd. , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]},{"name":"CNOOC Key Laboratory of Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd. , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]},{"name":"CNOOC Key Laboratory of Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd. , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]},{"name":"CNOOC Key Laboratory of Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300459"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026092210564680900_cit1","first-page":"1664","article-title":"Development Technology\nand Direction of Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery in China","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Petrolei Sinica"},{"issue":"02","key":"2026092210564680900_cit2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Current Development Status, Thermal\nRecovery Difficulties\nand Countermeasures of Bohai Heavy Oil Reservoirs","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Offshore Oil and Gas"},{"issue":"05","key":"2026092210564680900_cit3","first-page":"599","article-title":"Accumulation Model and\nProcess of Neogene Extra-Heavy Oil in Liaodong Bay Depression: A Case\nStudy of LD5-2 North Oilfield","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Petrolei\nSinica"},{"key":"2026092210564680900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2118\/0316-0086-JPT","article-title":"Pilot Tests\nof New Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Technologies for Heavy-Oil Reservoirs","volume":"68","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Technology"},{"key":"2026092210564680900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39401","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05025","article-title":"Multiple Hydrogen Bonding-Assisted\nHigh-Strength Hydrogel of Silica\/Polyacrylamide Nanocomposite Cross-Linked\nwith Polyethylenimine","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"04","key":"2026092210564680900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.19346\/j.cnki.1000-4092.2019.04.011","article-title":"Profile Control and\nFlooding Effect and Process Parameter Optimization of Inorganic Gel\nin High-Salinity Reservoirs: A Case Study of Tuha Yanmuxi Oilfield","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oilfield Chemistry"},{"key":"2026092210564680900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D.; Liu, Z.; Pan, G.; Chen, J.; Liao, H.; Li, H.\n          Pilot Tests of Steam Flooding after Cyclic Steam-N2-CO2\nStimulation\nin Bohai Offshore with Large Well Spacing.; February 27 2024; p. 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