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To improve wellbore stability in oil shale formations, this study investigates the damage mechanisms associated with drilling fluid invasion into oil shale under coupled stress-seepage conditions. A rock pretreatment procedure was established and a coupled stress-seepage experimental system was constructed. Oil shale damage experiments were conducted considering rock stress state, drilling fluid seepage conditions, drilling fluid type, and bedding angle. The results show that a quantitative correspondence can be established between the saturation of Chang 7 oil shale cores and ambient relative humidity and water potential. The oil shale exhibits pronounced anisotropy, and the coupled stress-seepage response is strongly influenced by this anisotropy. The strength of samples using oil-based drilling fluids is significantly higher than using water-based drilling fluids, with increases reaching up to 71%, confirming the superior performance of oil-based drilling fluids. During the coupled stress-seepage process, an increase in axial stress promotes crack propagation, facilitates drilling fluid invasion, and weakens the rock strength by as much as 88%, whereas an increase in confining pressure compacts the bedding and fractures, suppresses drilling fluid invasion, and consequently enhances rock strength, with gains of about 16%. A critical stress point exists at which the effects of axial stress and confining pressure on rock strength offset each other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T21:02:21Z","timestamp":1786654941000},"page":"50342-50356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Damage Mechanisms\nof Oil Shale Induced by Drilling\nFluid Invasion under Coupled Stress-Seepage Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8307-436X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangxu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Petroleum (East China) , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266580"]},{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5213-5271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuanliang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Petroleum (East China) , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266580"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maen M.","family":"Husein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119143029100_cit1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prospects\nfor China\u2019s upstream petroleum industry and five major challenges\nin future theories and technologies (in Chinese)","volume":"45","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pet. 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Liq."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119143029100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1444009","article-title":"Analysis of Anisotropic Strength\nand Wellbore Unstable Zone in Shale Formation Relating to Water Content","volume":"2023","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.30632\/PJV63N2-2022a7","article-title":"Application of Digital Core Technology in Wellbore Stability Research","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Petrophysics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119143029100_cit9","first-page":"81","article-title":"Research progress on\nmulti-field coupled analysis of wellbore stability (in Chinese)","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Southwest Pet. Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026083119143029100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15134538","article-title":"Study of wellbore instability\nand collapse mechanism for a layered continental shale oil horizontal\nwell","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083119143029100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-022-01504-2","article-title":"Study on the mechanism\nof anisotropic wellbore instability in continental shale in Songliao\nBasin","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor. Prod. 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Eng."},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.107500","article-title":"Study on mechanical\nproperties and wellbore\nstability of deep brittle shale","volume":"194","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci.\nEng."},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.745075","article-title":"Influence of the weakening\neffect of drilling fluid on wellbore stability in anisotropic shale\nformation","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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Geomech."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026083119143029100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15196962","article-title":"Wellbore Stabilization Technology of \u201cFluid-Solid-Chemical\nCoupling\u201d in Continental Shale Oil\u2500A Case Study of Shale\nOil in Block GL","volume":"15","author":"Ai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2015.05.028","article-title":"A wellbore stability\nanalysis model with chemical-mechanical coupling\nfor shale gas reservoirs","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2016.02.034","article-title":"A novel collapse pressure\nmodel with mechanical-chemical coupling in shale gas formations with\nmulti-weakness planes","volume":"36","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. 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Coal Geol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083119143029100_cit31","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Characteristics and exploration potential of\nmultiple types of shale oil in the Chang 7 Member of the Ordos Basin\n(in Chinese)","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Geosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119143029100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(23)60435-5","article-title":"Characteristics and exploration targets of\nChang 7 shale oil in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW\nChina","volume":"50","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119143029100_cit33","first-page":"24","article-title":"Reservoir characteristics,\ndepositional environment and enrichment\nmodel of Triassic Chang 7 shale oil in the Huachi area, Ordos Basin\n(in Chinese)","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lithol. Reservoirs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119143029100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/s1876-3804(24)60009-1","article-title":"Characteristics and\ncontrol factors of feldspar dissolution in gravity flow sandstone\nof Chang 7 Member, Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnggs.2022.04.004","article-title":"Hydrocarbon generation\nkinetics and in-situ conversion temperature conditions of Chang 7\nMember shale in the Ordos Basin, China","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat.\nGas Geosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119143029100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/0144598720903394","article-title":"Evaluation method for resource potential\nof shale oil in the Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin,\nChina","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Explor. Exploit."},{"issue":"05","key":"2026083119143029100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.2118\/209803-PA","article-title":"Gas slippage in microscale\nfractures of partially saturated shale\nof different matric potentials","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124044","article-title":"Experimental study\non the relationship between the matric potential\nand methane breakthrough pressure of partially water-saturated shale\nfractures","volume":"578","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026083119143029100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(97)00083-5","article-title":"The relationship\nbetween suction\nand swelling properties in a heavily compacted unsaturated clay","volume":"50","author":"Delage","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"2026083119143029100_cit40","unstructured":"Zhou, G.\n          \n          Wellbore Instability\nMechanisms And Technical Countermeasures In The Southwestern Tarim\nRegion (in Chinese). Ph.D. Thesis; China University of Petroleum: Beijing, 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119143029100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2006.02.011","article-title":"A damage-softening\nstatistical constitutive\nmodel considering rock residual strength","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput.\nGeosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119143029100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(19)60280-6","article-title":"Calculation of safe drilling mud\ndensity window for shale formation\nby considering chemo-poro-mechanical coupling effect","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. 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