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To address these challenges, a photoinitiated silver-loaded zwitterionic hydrogel coating, denoted as pSBMA-A, was constructed on PVC catheter surfaces by integrating a PDA\/BP interfacial layer, a poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (pSBMA) hydrogel network, and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The PDA\/BP layer enhanced interfacial anchoring, while the pSBMA network provided a hydrated antifouling interface and served as a matrix for Ag NP incorporation. The small-sized Ag NPs (15.99 \u00b1 0.11 nm) endowed the coating with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The pSBMA-A coating achieved antibacterial efficiencies of up to 99% against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli at a low Ag concentration of 0.05 mM. ICP-MS analysis showed that Ag was gradually released from the coating over 1\u201311 days, indicating regulated Ag release rather than rapid Ag loss. In addition, the pSBMA-containing coatings significantly improved surface hydrophilicity and reduced nonspecific BSA adsorption, supporting the antifouling role of the zwitterionic hydration layer. Compared with bare PVC, the pSBMA-A coating reduced thrombus adhesion by approximately 77% and showed acceptable hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, with a hemolysis ratio below 2% and cell viability above 80%. Furthermore, subcutaneous implantation showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and lower IL-6 and CD68 expression around the pSBMA-A samples. This study provides a promising surface engineering strategy for improving the anti-infective, antifouling, and thrombus-resistant performance of blood-contacting PVC catheters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:35:23Z","timestamp":1785854123000},"page":"48131-48143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photoinitiated\nRegulated Silver-Releasing Zwitterionic\nHydrogel Coating for Antibacterial, Antifouling, and Thrombus-Resistant\nPVC Catheters"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qinsheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200093"]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200093"]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200093"]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200093"]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1698-9944","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aiying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-7492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB03280J","article-title":"Surface modification\nstrategies for combating catheter-related complications: recent advances\nand challenges","volume":"5","author":"Neoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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Thromb. Thrombolysis."},{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2024.109068","article-title":"Incidence of catheter-related\nthrombosis and its association\nwith outcome in critically ill patients: A prospective observational\nstudy","volume":"241","author":"Smit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2023.10.062","article-title":"Case review and imaging:\ntreatment of central venous\ncatheter associated fibrin sheath and chronic thrombus with the ClotTriever\nsystem","volume":"19","author":"Tomaszek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol. 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Macromol."},{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2021.09.039","article-title":"Tuning the aggregation\nof silver nanoparticles with carbon dots for the surface-enhanced\nraman scattering application","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11372","DOI":"10.1021\/ja104931h","article-title":"Seed-mediated\nsynthesis of Ag nanocubes with controllable edge lengths\nin the range of 30\u2013200 nm and comparison of their optical properties","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8859","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00229","article-title":"Recent Progress of Amorphous Nanomaterials","volume":"123","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202511029","article-title":"Vascular intima-biomimetic bilayer\nhydrogel coating of central venous catheters with dual-modal anti-coagulation\nand self-adaptive immunomodulation","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"key":"2026081811114841100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150944","article-title":"Fast-polymerized lubricant\nand antibacterial hydrogel coatings for medical catheters","volume":"488","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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