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However, mechanical injury during implantation can induce local oxidative stress, which compromises peri-implant osteogenesis. In this study, we developed a multifunctional titanium surface by codepositing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and hexamethylenediamine (HD) to form a phenolic-amine coating with tunable amino-group density, followed by covalent grafting of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) via carbodiimide chemistry. Surface characterization confirmed the successful fabrication of the coatings, which exhibited improved hydrophilicity and pronounced radical-scavenging activity. In vitro experiments showed that the modified surfaces promoted osteoblast adhesion and spreading and enhanced osteogenic differentiation, as demonstrated by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, enhanced extracellular matrix mineralization, and upregulated expression of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins, including Runx2, ALP, and OPN. Among the tested groups, the coating prepared with EGCG and HD at 0.4 mg\/mL followed by BMP-2 grafting showed the strongest osteogenic performance. These findings suggest that the EGCG\/HD\/BMP-2 coating is a promising surface-engineering strategy for titanium implants by simultaneously improving the oxidative microenvironment and promoting osteogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T03:02:17Z","timestamp":1786417337000},"page":"49995-50008","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface Modification\nof Titanium with EGCG and Hexamethylenediamine\nCoating for BMP-2 Grafting: An Investigation of Osteogenic\nProperties"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TianYu","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maolin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bengbu Medical University , 801 Zhihuai Road , ,","place":["Bengbu, China, 233000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JianFang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longge","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siya","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-6549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"XiangYang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2112-6995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119141324700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s41939-024-00658-2","article-title":"Comprehensive review of biological response, alloy\ndesign, strengthening mechanisms, performance evaluation, and surface\nmodifications of titanium alloys for biomedical applications","volume":"8","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Multiscale Multidiscip. 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