{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:13:00Z","timestamp":1788437580348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41872137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41872137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Deeply buried carbonate reservoirs represent a critical frontier and high-priority target for global hydrocarbon exploration. However, the genetic mechanisms and spatial distribution of high-quality deeply buried carbonate reservoirs remain highly contentious. This study focuses on the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in the central Sichuan Basin, integrating multidisciplinary analytical methods (petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology) to systematically investigate the diagenetic evolution sequence and pore evolution processes of deeply buried carbonate reservoirs. The lithology of Maokou Formation reservoirs is dominated by porous fine- to medium-crystalline dolostone (FMD) and tight bioclastic limestone (BL). Four stages of calcite cementation (Cal-1 to Cal-4) and two stages of dolomite cementation (Dol-1 to Dol-2) were identified in these reservoirs. The \u03b418O, \u03b413C, and 87Sr\/86Sr data indicate that the genesis of Cal-1 and Cal-2, which are closest to the edges of pores and vugs within BL, was related to coeval seawater and meteoric water during the eogenetic stage, respectively. However, the primary and eogenetic porosity in the BL intervals was almost completely lost due to calcite cementation (particularly Cal-3) and compaction. FMD was derived from hydrothermal dolomitization of porous BL during shallow burial. The U\u2013Pb age of FMD indicates that it formed after pore formation but before Cal-3 precipitation. Notably, Cal-3 is poorly preserved in FMD, indicating that FMD exhibits strong resistance to compaction and pressure solution. Dol-1 is a hydrothermal dolomite cement that precipitated following hydrothermal dissolution. Hydrothermal dissolution predominantly occurred in FMD and increased porosity by 8%\u201312% along fractures. In contrast, Dol-1 precipitation reduced porosity (approximately 10%) with increasing distance from major faults. Late-stage cementation (Cal-4, Dol-2, and other noncarbonate minerals) further reduced porosity by approximately 5%. Collectively, eogenetic dissolution-modified bioclastic shoals provided the foundational porosity framework for Maokou Formation reservoir development, while superimposed hydrothermal dolomitization and dissolution represented the key diagenetic processes driving high-quality reservoir formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:01:48Z","timestamp":1786946508000},"page":"51419-51432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagenesis and\nPorosity Evolution of Deeply Buried\nCarbonate Reservoirs: Insights from the Permian Maokou Formation,\nSichuan Basin"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]},{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0916-9799","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]},{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company , , ,","place":["Suining City, China, 629000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5533-6978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keke","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2021.105178","article-title":"Reflux dolomitization and subsequent\nhydrothermal dolomitization induced by the alkaline igneous province\nin the Middle Devonian Nowshera Formation (Peshawar Basin, NW Pakistan)","volume":"131","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Petrol. Geol."},{"issue":"01","key":"2026090307165866900_cit2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Progress\nand implications of deep\nand ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in PetroChina","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Ind."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2017.12.031","article-title":"Diagenesis of microbialites in the lower Cambrian Qingxudong\nFormation, South China: implications for the origin of porosity in\ndeep microbial carbonates","volume":"51","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci.\nEng."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1306\/01141615055","article-title":"Impacts\nof hydrothermal dolomitization and thermochemical sulfate reduction\non secondary porosity creation in deeply buried carbonates: A case\nstudy from the Lower Saxony Basin, northwest Germany","volume":"100","author":"Biehl","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1306\/05031110187","article-title":"Carbonate porosity creation by mesogenetic\ndissolution: Reality or illusion","volume":"96","author":"Ehrenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit6","article-title":"Microfacies\nof Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application","author":"Flu\u0308gel","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090307165866900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0037-0738(00)00176-7","article-title":"Bacterial\nand thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings\u2500old\nand new insights","volume":"140","author":"Machel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sediment. 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Palaeoecol."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2012.07.007","article-title":"Permian ice volume\nand palaeoclimate history: oxygen isotope proxies revisited","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2018.01.002","article-title":"Influence of differential diagenesis\non primary depositional signals in limestone-marl alternations: an\nexample from Middle Permian marine successions, South China","volume":"495","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307165866900_cit30","first-page":"466","article-title":"The discovery of\nMiddle Permian Guangyuan-Bazhong\nextensional trough in the Sichuan Basin and its petroleum geological\nsignificance","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Pet. Explor."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307165866900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(18)30088-0","article-title":"Strike-slip faults\nand their significance for hydrocarbon accumulation in Gaoshiti\u2013Moxi\narea, Sichuan Basin, SW China","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Petrol. Explor.\nDev."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-4937(00)00044-X","article-title":"Fluid inclusions\nin sedimentary and diagenetic systems","volume":"55","author":"Goldstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lithos."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit33","article-title":"Carbonate Reservoirs:\nPorosity and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework","author":"Moore","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307165866900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.2015.77","article-title":"Deposition and diagenesis\nof marine oncoids: Implications for development of carbonate porosity","volume":"85","author":"Pederson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sediment. 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Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2012.08.012","article-title":"Guadalupian (middle\npermian) paleobiog-eography of the neotethys ocean","volume":"24","author":"Angiolini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.07.013","article-title":"Early Wuchiapingian (Lopingian, late\nPermian) drowning\nevent in the South China block suggests a late eruptive phase of Emeishan\nlarge Igneous Province","volume":"169","author":"Bagherpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6742(03)00111-0","article-title":"Secondary porosity\ndevelopment during late burial in\ncarbonate reservoirs as a result of mixing and\/or cooling of brines","volume":"78-79","author":"Esteban","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.03.030","article-title":"Evolution of porosity in the saltwater\u2013freshwater\nmixing zone of coastal carbonate aquifers: an alternative modelling\napproach","volume":"329","author":"Romanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.svgl.2006.12.021","article-title":"Age and duration of\nthe Emeishan flood volcanism, SW China: Geochemistry\nand SHRIMP zircon U\u2013Pb dating of silicic ignimbrites, post-volcanic\nXuanwei Formation and clay tuff at the Chaotian section","volume":"255","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2010.05.012","article-title":"Dating the onset and\nnature of the\nmiddle Permian Emeishan large igneous province eruptions in SW China\nusing conodont biostratigraphy and its bearing on mantle plume uplift\nmodels","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lithos."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2014.09.003","article-title":"Mineralogical\ncharacteristics of the karstic bauxite\ndeposits in the Xiuwen ore belt, Central Guizhou Province, Southwest\nChina","volume":"65","author":"Ling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2022.106215","article-title":"Fault-controlled\nhydrothermal dolomitization of Middle Permian in southeastern Sichuan\nBasin, SW China, and its temporal relationship with the Emeishan Large\nIgneous Province: New insights from multi-geochemical proxies and\ncarbonate U\u2013Pb dating","volume":"439","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-8123.2007.00198.x","article-title":"Modeling CO2 generation, migration, and\ntitration in sedimentary basins","volume":"7","author":"Cathles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min16010105","article-title":"Reservoir Characteristics\nand Evolution Mechanisms of the Shale","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.11.046","article-title":"The conduit-seal\nsystem of hypogene karst in Neoproterozoic carbonates in northeastern\nBrazil","volume":"101","author":"Cazarin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Petrol. Geol."},{"key":"2026090307165866900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.2011.18","article-title":"Insights\ninto the dolomitization process and porosity modification in sucrosic\ndolomites, Avon Park Formation (Middle Eocene), east-central Florida,\nUSA","volume":"81","author":"Maliva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sediment Res."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04570","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/51419\/66608232\/acsomega.6c04570.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/51419\/66608232\/acsomega.6c04570.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:17:12Z","timestamp":1788434232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/34\/51419\/5259539\/Diagenesis-and-Porosity-Evolution-of-Deeply-Buried"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04570","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}