{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:13:14Z","timestamp":1788437594705,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42402162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42402162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23LCD05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23LCD05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Sinopec Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Mechanisms","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33550007-24-ZC0613-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33550007-24-ZC0613-0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Youth project of science and technology research program of Chongqing Education Commission of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202401521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202401521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Sinopec Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P23229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P23229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As the primary parent material for global natural gas, coaly measure source rocks have rendered research on their hydrocarbon expulsion characteristics a longstanding focus in petroleum geochemistry. However, the Yanshanian and Himalayan movements have subjected global petroliferous basins to varying degrees of denudation and modification, leading to a complex hydrocarbon expulsion and evolution process. Therefore, taking the coaly measure source rocks of the fifth member of the Xujiahe Formation (abbreviated as xu-5) in the Xinchang structural belt of the Western Sichuan Depression as a case study, this paper conducted methane adsorption\u2013desorption tests and methane solubility analysis based on the geological and geochemical characteristics of the source rocks. The effects of temperature and pressure on the content of natural gas in different phase states were clarified. The results indicate that the xu-5 coaly measure source rocks have an average total organic carbon content (TOC) of 2.21%, with kerogen belonging to Type III organic matter and a mean vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of 1.59%, suggesting high-over maturity. Affected by the Yanshanian and Himalayan movements, this area has experienced regional tectonic uplift since the end of the Late Cretaceous (65 Ma ago). During this period, the burial depth of xu-5 decreased from 4,250 m to 2,968 m, the formation temperature dropped from 169.91 to 80.31 \u00b0C, and the formation pressure decreased from 67.38 to 52.24 MPa. Both methane solubility and adsorption characteristics are jointly influenced by temperature and pressure. At the maximum burial depth stage, the dissolved and adsorbed gas contents were 0.068 and 1.343 m3\/(m3 rock), respectively. Currently, these values are 0.034 and 2.799 m3\/(m3 rock), respectively. In addition, the adsorbed gas content increased by 0.737 m3\/(m3 rock), while 0.016 m3\/(m3 rock) of dissolved gas was released, and 10.35 m3\/(m3 rock) of free gas was expelled during the tectonic uplift stage. On this basis, it is calculated that there are still 0.619 trillion cubic meters of recoverable adsorbed gas and 0.757 billion cubic meters of recoverable dissolved gas in xu-5 in the study area, which can serve as important sources for shale gas and intrasource tight sandstone gas in this formation. The research results hold significant theoretical implications for the exploration of shale gas and tight sandstone gas in coal-measure source rocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:02:06Z","timestamp":1787144526000},"page":"51447-51456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrocarbon Expulsion\nCharacteristics of Coaly Measure\nSource Rocks during Tectonic Uplift and Their Hydrocarbon Significance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0688-5503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xueying","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinopec Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Mechanisms , ,","place":["Wuxi, China, 214126"]},{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]},{"name":"Chongqing University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinopec Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Mechanisms , ,","place":["Wuxi, China, 214126"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 401331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3454-3794","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307183637900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(23)60348-9","article-title":"Gas expansion caused by formation\nuplifting and its effects on tight gas accumulation: A case study\nof Sulige gas field in Ordos Basin, NW China","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307183637900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(11)60041-4","article-title":"Assessment on gas accumulation potential and favorable\nplays within the Xu-1, 3 and 5 Members of Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan\nBasin","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307183637900_cit3","first-page":"307","article-title":"The coupling\neffect and controls of tectonic uplift on adsorption capability of\ncoal reservoir","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307183637900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1306\/07271514224","article-title":"Exhumation\ncharge: The last gasp of a petroleum source rock and implications\nfor unconventional shale resources","volume":"100","author":"English","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307183637900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petsci.2024.12.025","article-title":"Water adsorption\nperformance of over-mature shale and its relationship with organic\nand inorganic nanopores: A case study of Lower Cambrian shale from\nthe Sichuan Basin, China","volume":"22","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pet. 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Geol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307183637900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1306\/07142019029","article-title":"Skempton\u2019s\nporoelastic relaxation: The mechanism\nthat accounts for the distribution of pore pressure and exhumation-related\nfractures in black shale of the Appalachian Basine","volume":"105","author":"Engelder","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307183637900_cit9","first-page":"411","article-title":"Variations of Poisson's\nratio for tight sandstone and shale under changing confining or pore\npressure:Characteristics and mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth\nSci. Front."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307183637900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(19)60025-X","article-title":"The significance\nof coal-derived gas in major gas producing countries","volume":"46","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pet. 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Sin."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307183637900_cit14","first-page":"25","article-title":"Hydrocarbon generation\nhistory of coal-measure source\nrocks in the upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the northern Sichuan\nBasin","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Ind."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2017.04.028","article-title":"Sedimentary characterization\nof a braided delta using\nwell logs: The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Central Sichuan\nBasin, China","volume":"154","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit16","volume-title":"Giant coal-derived gas\nfields and their gas sources in China","author":"Dai","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307183637900_cit17","first-page":"24","article-title":"Multi-cycle\nsuperimposed sedimentary basins in China: Formation,evolution,geologic\nframework and hydro-carbon occurrence","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\nSci. Front."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307183637900_cit18","first-page":"909","article-title":"Tectonic fracture characteristics and tight gas reservoir-controlling\nmodel of the the Member 4 of Xujiahe Formation in Jianyang area, Sichuan\nBasin","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Petrol. 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J."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics and\nclassification\nof overpressure preservation and shale gas enrichment: A case study\nof the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in the southeastern Sichuan Basin","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit22","first-page":"21","article-title":"Evolution and structuraldeformation of continental\nclastic rocks in the western Sichuan Basin","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307183637900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(22)60045-4","article-title":"Structural characteristics and implications on oil\/gas\naccumulation in north segment of the Longmenshan piedmont, northwestern\nSichuan Basin","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307183637900_cit24","first-page":"384","article-title":"Tectonic\nfeatures and their relationship\nwith petroleum in Longmen Mountain, western Sichuan Basin","volume":"33","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pet. Geol. Exp."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026090307183637900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42515","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03451","article-title":"Formation\nMechanism and Variability of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs under Multi-Provenance\nConvergence: A Case Study of the Second Member of the Upper Triassic\nXujiahe Formation in the Northeastern Sichuan Basin","volume":"11","author":"Pu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307183637900_cit26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research\non Source Characteristics and Favorable Source Rock Distribution Areas\nPrediction of the Fifth Member of Xujiahe Formation of Sichuan Basinn","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chongqing Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307183637900_cit27","first-page":"84","article-title":"Formation\nand evolution of Baobab\nstructural zone and controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation\nin Bongo Basin, Chad","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Pet. Explor."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307183637900_cit28","first-page":"629","article-title":"Characteristics\nand comprehensive evaluation of tight sandstone reservoirs in Xu 2\nMember of Xinchang structural belt in western Sichuan Depression","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fault Block Oil Gas Fields"},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2019.06.014","article-title":"Hydrocarbon generation\nand expulsion characteristics\nof the source rocks in the third member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe\nFormation and its effect on conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon\nresource potential in the Sichuan Basin","volume":"109","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar.\nPet. Geol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307183637900_cit30","first-page":"1714","article-title":"Evaluation of source rocks in the\n5 th member of the Upper Triassic Xuj iahe Formation in the Xinchang\nGasfield, the Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Geosci."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit31","unstructured":"Liu, Y. C.\n          \n          Continental\nshale\ngas formation mechanism and occurrence state of the 5th sector of\nthe Xujiahe Formationin Wastern Sichuan Depression, Masteral\nDissertation; China University of Petroleum: Beijing, 2016."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit32","unstructured":"Zhang, B. X.\n          \n          Gas bearing\ncharacteristics\nand main controlling factors of continental shale sequence in western\nSichuan depression, Masteral Dissertation; China University of Petroleum: Beijing, 2018."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307183637900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-016-9053-2","article-title":"Geothermal\ndata analysis at the high-temperature hydrothermal\narea in Western Sichuan","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China: Earth Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307183637900_cit34","first-page":"48","article-title":"Relationship between strong uplifting\nand denudation during the Himalayan epoch and hydrocarbon accumulation\neffects of large gas fields in the central-western petroliferous basins\nof China","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Ind."},{"issue":"PC","key":"2026090307183637900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.136357","article-title":"Effects\nof partially confined space\nand organic matter on phase behavior of pyrolysis products from medium-low\nmaturity shale","volume":"404","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026090307183637900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16329","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA02282F","article-title":"Comparative study on the pyrolysis\nbehavior and pyrolysate\ncharacteristics of Fushun oil shale during anhydrous pyrolysis and\nsub\/supercritical water pyrolysis","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128799","article-title":"Experimental\ninvestigation and intelligent modeling\nof pore structure changes in type III kerogen-rich shale artificially\nmatured by hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis","volume":"282","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307183637900_cit38","first-page":"89","article-title":"Mechanism of natural\ngas dissolving in brines and the dissolving equation","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Petrol. Sin."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307183637900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.4c06029","article-title":"Occurrence characteristics\nof initial free and adsorbed methane under pressure-preserved coring\nconditions and the influence of initial free methane on deep coalbed\nmethane production","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307183637900_cit40","first-page":"182","article-title":"Study on effect\nof on effect of temperature on methane\nadsorption and desorption in coal based on langmuir model","volume":"49","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307183637900_cit41","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Fluid State in the 5th Member of the Upper Triassic\nXujiahe Formation in the Xinchang Gas Field, Western Sichuan Depression\nin Sichuan Basin","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oil Gas Geol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307183637900_cit42","first-page":"791","article-title":"A new model for shale\nadsorptive gas amount under a certain geological conditions of temperature\nand pressure","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Earth Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307183637900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(12)60062-7","article-title":"Evolution\nof continental formation pressure in the middle part of the Western\nSichuan Depression and its significance forhydrocarbon accumulation","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307183637900_cit44","first-page":"406","article-title":"Genesis of\noverpressure and its effect\non gas content in the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang\narea, Western Sichuan Basin","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307183637900_cit45","first-page":"22","article-title":"Geochemical\ncharacteristics and origin\nof formation water in the 5th member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe\nFm in Xinchang structure, Western Sichuan Basin","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Ind."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307183637900_cit46","first-page":"41","article-title":"Characteristics and history of hydrocarbon expulsion of the Upper\nTertiary source rocks in the western Sichuan Depression","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Ind."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit47","first-page":"809","article-title":"Analysis\non paleohydrodynamic force and gas accumulation characteristics in\nthe Kuqa Depression,the Tarim Basin","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oil Gas\nGeol."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit48","first-page":"318","article-title":"On Accumulation\nof water-soluble gas released from\nformation water resulted from tectonic uplift","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Xinjiang Pet. Geol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307183637900_cit49","first-page":"936","article-title":"Characteristics of pressure relief induced by shale\nbrittle fracture in tectonic uplift area and its influence on shale\noil enrichment: a case study of Chang 73 sub-member of Yanchang Formation\nin Yan'an area","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pet. Geol. Exp."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307183637900_cit50","first-page":"15","article-title":"Active source\nrocks of Chang 7 member and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics\nin Longdong area, Ordos Basin","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pet. Geol. Exp."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit51","unstructured":"Zuo, R. S.\n          \n          The development model\nof Xujiahe continental shale in Western Sichuan Depression and its\nreservoir characteristics, Masteral Dissertation; China University of Petroleum: Beijing, 2019."},{"key":"2026090307183637900_cit52","unstructured":"Zhang, M. Y.\n          \n          Analysis on main controlling\nfactors of hydrocarbon accumulation in Xujiahe 5th formation of the\nWestern Sichuan Depression, Masteral Dissertation; Yangtze University, 2019."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04653","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/51447\/66874164\/acsomega.6c04653.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/34\/51447\/66874164\/acsomega.6c04653.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:18:47Z","timestamp":1788434327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/34\/51447\/5276403\/Hydrocarbon-Expulsion-Characteristics-of-Coaly"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c04653","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}