{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:13:08Z","timestamp":1788221588731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Science and Technology Project of PetroChina Company Limited","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZZ24YJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ24YJ03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding pore-scale displacement mechanisms of CO2\u2013water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection in tight conglomerate reservoirs is critical for improving enhanced oil recovery (EOR) efficiency in these strongly heterogeneous systems. This study develops a three-component (oil\u2013water\u2013CO2) multicomponent multiphase multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann (MCMP-MRT-LBM) pore-scale numerical framework based on a digitized pore microstructure model of Class I conglomerate reservoirs in the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin. Systematic simulations are conducted to evaluate the effects of injection mode, cycle number, injection velocity, and CO2 miscibility degree on microscopic displacement efficiency. Results demonstrate that CO2\u2013WAG injection achieves a maximum recovery factor of 46.65%, substantially exceeding post-waterflooding CO2 flooding (35.77%) and conventional waterflooding (\u223c18%). Three synergistic pore-scale mechanisms underpin WAG\u2019s superiority: alternating injection generates a Jamin-effect bubble plugging that redirects flow from macropores into low-permeability micropores; periodic fluid switching suppresses cumulative viscous fingering; and complementary CO2 extraction and water imbibition mechanisms synergistically mobilize residual oil across diverse morphologies. An optimal cycle number of four is identified, with recovery exhibiting nonmonotonic dependence on cycle frequency. Displacement efficiency peaks at moderate capillary numbers (Ca \u223c10\u20133), while maintaining reservoir pressure above the minimum miscibility pressure (\u223c32 MPa) is essential for effective micropore residual oil mobilization. These pore-scale findings provide mechanistic guidance for optimizing CO2\u2013WAG programs in the Mahu Sag and analogous tight conglomerate reservoirs worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:02:27Z","timestamp":1786726947000},"page":"49838-49854","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pore-Scale Mechanisms\nof CO2\u2013WAG\nEnhanced Oil Recovery in Tight Conglomerate Reservoirs: A Multicomponent\nMultiphase Lattice Boltzmann Study"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Oilfield Company , , PetroChina , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Petroleum Reserve in Conglomerate , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Oilfield Company , , PetroChina , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Petroleum Reserve in Conglomerate , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"No.1 Gas Production Plant, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, CNPC , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Oilfield Company , , PetroChina , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Petroleum Reserve in Conglomerate , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Oilfield Company , , PetroChina , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Petroleum Reserve in Conglomerate , , ,","place":["Karamay, Xinjiang, China, 834000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4887-4554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)) , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119152019400_cit1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Progress, challenges\nand prospects of unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Petroleum Exploration"},{"key":"2026083119152019400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.125633","article-title":"Fundamental\naspects, mechanisms and emerging possibilities of CO2 miscible\nflooding in enhanced oil recovery: A review","volume":"330","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119152019400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2118\/71203-PA","article-title":"Review of\nWAG field experience","volume":"4","author":"Christensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"SPE Reservoir Eval. 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