{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:58:39Z","timestamp":1791302319354,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406322\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406322\/2022-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate Program in Physics at UNIFAL-MG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In ceramic synthesis, the thermal history actually experienced by a powder may differ substantially from the programmed furnace schedule, with direct consequences for phase formation and reproducibility. This study shows that identical nominal calcination schedules can produce different BaTiO3 reaction outcomes when applied in different furnaces. A single high-energy ball-milled precursor batch was divided into three portions and calcined at 1200 \u00b0C for 8 h using the same programmed heating and cooling rates. XRD and Rietveld refinement identified tetragonal BaTiO3 (P4mm) as the dominant phase in all samples. However, the powder treated in Furnace 1 showed weak Ba-rich secondary phases, smaller crystallites, higher microstrain, and poorer refinement statistics, whereas samples from Furnaces 2 and 3 were phase-pure within the XRD detection limit and exhibited larger, less strained crystallites. Direct thermocouple measurements revealed the origin of these differences. Furnaces 2 and 3 closely maintained the programmed 1200 \u00b0C set point, while the sample position in Furnace 1 reached only approximately 1028 \u00b0C. SEM revealed a finer, more compact microstructure for Furnace 1 and coarser, more heterogeneous grains for Furnaces 2 and 3. EDS mapping confirmed homogeneous Ba, Ti, and O distributions in all powders, although quantitative EDS indicated a higher Ba\/Ti ratio in the Furnace 1 sample. XPS showed comparable BaTiO3-type surface chemical environments and modest surface carbonation for all samples. These results establish furnace identity and actual temperature distribution as critical processing variables that should be monitored and explicitly reported in reproducibility-sensitive BaTiO3 and ceramic-synthesis studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c04998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:02:43Z","timestamp":1790175763000},"page":"59210-59225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Furnace-Dependent\nPhase Evolution of Ball-Milled BaTiO3 Powders under Nominally\nIdentical Calcination Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9704-3418","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahmoud S.","family":"Alkathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences- UNIFAL-MG , , , ,","place":["Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 37133-840"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Person Pereira","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences- UNIFAL-MG , , , ,","place":["Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 37133-840"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-0117","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ani\u0301bal Thiago","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences- UNIFAL-MG , , , ,","place":["Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 37133-840"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Monteiro A. da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences- UNIFAL-MG , , , ,","place":["Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 37133-840"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0684-7744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leandro","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences- UNIFAL-MG , , , ,","place":["Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 37133-840"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"Eiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences-Ufscar , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 13565-905"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610480642300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm10607d","article-title":"Nanocomposite\nthin films for miniaturized multi-layer ceramic capacitors prepared\nfrom barium titanate nanoparticle based hybrid solutions","volume":"21","author":"Schneller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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