{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:45:03Z","timestamp":1791924303509,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The conservation of prehistoric cave art involves complex taphonomic processes such as the formation of calcium carbonate coatings. Often invisible to the naked eye, these deposits are essential for understanding the evolution of the artworks and monitoring their preservation. While few noninvasive techniques probe the concretion layers, this work explores the potential of ultraviolet fluorescence to characterize calcite veils in the Chauvet cave, an Upper Paleolithic site displaying some of the oldest drawings known to date. Here, we show this technique is capable of distinguishing limestone from speleothem calcite, despite their similar crystallographic nature, thanks to organic impurities embedded in the carbonate matrices. A custom-built installation set up in the harsh conditions of the cave enabled ultraviolet fluorescence spectra to be measured at working distances of up to 2.5 m. Data collected in situ were processed according to a suitable fluorescence model, providing stratigraphic information on the translucent calcite layer covering the drawings and highlighting significant spatial heterogeneity in the concretions. Additionally, we observed localized orange emissions suggesting local thermal alteration of calcium carbonate by hot charcoals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:02:16Z","timestamp":1790701336000},"page":"60980-60990","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Situ Ultraviolet\nFluorescence Spectroscopy for\nthe Characterization of Translucent Calcite Coatings over Prehistoric\nCave Art"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0316-1303","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yohan","family":"Boulard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universite\u0301 , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thie\u0301ry","family":"Guillou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universite\u0301 , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universite\u0301 , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]},{"name":"Universite\u0301 de Toulouse , , ,","place":["Toulouse, France, 31058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Tosello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 de Toulouse , , ,","place":["Toulouse, France, 31058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maguy","family":"Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universite\u0301 , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-8374","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philippe","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universite\u0301 , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit1","volume-title":"L\u2019art de La Pre\u0301histoire;\nCollection \u201cL\u2019Art et les grandes civilisations\u201d","author":"Fritz","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4000\/books.editionsmsh.56765","article-title":"Lascaux et la\nconservation en milieu souterrain","volume-title":"Documents\nd\u2019arche\u0301ologie franc\u0327aise","author":"Coye","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/palethnologie.4445","article-title":"Approche taphonomique des parois\ndes grottes orne\u0301es","author":"Ferrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Palethnologie"},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit4","article-title":"Taphonomy on the\nSurface of the Rock Wall: Rock-Paint-Atmosphere Interactions","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology\nof Rock Art","author":"Chalmin","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101315081964800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2018.10.011","article-title":"Apports de\nla colorime\u0301trie et de la spectroradiome\u0301trie\na\u0300 la caracte\u0301risation in situ des peintures pale\u0301olithiques\nde la grotte Chauvet (Arde\u0300che, France)","volume":"19","author":"Konik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Phys"},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/books.editionsmsh.49690","article-title":"Atlas de la\ngrotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc; Volume 1","volume-title":"Documents\nd\u2019arche\u0301ologie franc\u0327aise","author":"Delannoy","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit7","article-title":"L\u2019intervention\nDirecte Sur Les Parois: Un Apport a\u0300 La Connaissance Des Trace\u0301s\nPre\u0301historiques. Le Cas de La Grande Grotte d\u2019Arcy-Sur-Cure\n(Yonne)","volume-title":"L\u2019art avant l\u2019Histoire:\nactes des 10e\u0300mes journe\u0301es d\u2019e\u0301tude de la\nSFIIC, Paris 23\u201324 Mai 2002","author":"Girard","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101315081964800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-5894(03)00064-4","article-title":"Cross Dating (Th\/U-14C)\nof Calcite Covering Prehistoric\nPaintings in Borneo","volume":"60","author":"Plagnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.102640","article-title":"Still No\nArchaeological Evidence That Neanderthals Created Iberian Cave Art","volume":"144","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315081964800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1144\/SP279.15","article-title":"Biotic versus Abiotic Calcite Formation on Prehistoric\nCave Paintings: The Arcy-Sur-Cure \u2018Grande Grotte\u2019 (Yonne,\nFrance) Case","volume":"279","author":"Chalmin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315081964800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.1072","article-title":"Microanalysis\nand Synthesis of Calcite. Growth Mechanisms on Prehistoric Paintings\nin the Large Cave, Arcy-Sur-Cure (Yonne, France)","volume":"37","author":"Chalmin","year":"2008","journal-title":"X-Ray Spectrom."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315081964800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anthro.2006.07.008","article-title":"Le groupe\ndes \u226a bisons adosse\u0301s \u226b de Lascaux. E\u0301tude\nde la technique de l\u2019artiste par analyse des pigments","volume":"110","author":"Vignaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"L\u2019Anthropologie"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101315081964800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.3145","article-title":"Spectroscopy of\nPalaeolithic Rock Paintings from the Tito Bustillo and El Buxu Caves,\nAsturias, Spain","volume":"43","author":"Hernanz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026101315081964800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4000\/archeosciences.3874","article-title":"Analyse in situ des dessins pre\u0301historiques\nde la grotte de Rouffignac par fluorescence X et diffraction X portable","volume":"36","author":"Beck","year":"2012","journal-title":"ArcheoSciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315081964800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4000\/archeosciences.11725","article-title":"Stratigraphie\net matie\u0300re orange-rouge de la paroi orne\u0301e pale\u0301olithique\nde la grotte de Font-de-Gaume, Dordogne, France","volume":"47","author":"Reiche","year":"2023","journal-title":"ArcheoSciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101315081964800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6065","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-019-00882-9","article-title":"From Archeological\nLayers to Schematic Rock Art? Integrated Study of the Neolithic Pigments\nand Pigmented Rocks at the Rocher Du Cha\u0302teau (Western Alps,\nSavoie, France)","volume":"11","author":"Defrasne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2026101315081964800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4535","article-title":"Spectroscopic\nCharacterisation of Crusts Interstratified with Prehistoric Paintings\nPreserved in Open-Air Rock Art Shelters","volume":"45","author":"Hernanz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\nRaman Spectrosc."},{"issue":"29","key":"2026101315081964800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02949-2","article-title":"Long-Term in Situ\nNon-Invasive Spectroscopic Monitoring\nof Weathering Processes in Open-Air Prehistoric Rock Art Sites","volume":"412","author":"Aramendia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101315081964800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-025-02235-1","article-title":"A New Methodology\nfor Incorporating Weathering Products into Analyses of Prehistoric\nPictorial Matter: A Case Study at the Rocher Du Cha\u0302teau Schematic\nRock Art Site","volume":"17","author":"Chassin de Kergommeaux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2024.03.018","article-title":"Improving the Characterization\nof Red Coloring Matter from Prehistoric Cave Art by Means of Laboratory\nConfocal XRF Depth Profiling Combined with Synchrotron XRF Imaging","volume":"67","author":"Tapia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315081964800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2218\/jls.7329","article-title":"Light in the\nCave: Opal Coating Detection by UV-Light Illumination and Fluorescence\nin a Rock Art Context","volume":"10","author":"Quiers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lithic Stud."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026101315081964800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(00)00343-0","article-title":"Causes of\nColour and Fluorescence in Speleothems","volume":"175","author":"Van Beynen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem.\nGeol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101315081964800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702971939712","article-title":"Fluorescence of Limestones and Limestone\nComponents","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. 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A."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101315081964800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523158113","article-title":"A High-Precision Chronological Model\nfor the Decorated Upper Paleolithic Cave of Chauvet-Pont d\u2019Arc,\nArde\u0300che, France","volume":"113","author":"Quiles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\nU. S. A."},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136844","article-title":"Hydrogeological\nControl on Carbon Dioxide Input into the Atmosphere of the Chauvet-Pont\nd\u2019Arc Cave","volume":"716","author":"Bourges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4000\/palethnologie.865","article-title":"Du geste au mythe:\ntechniques des artistes sur les\nparois de la grotte Chauvet-Pont d\u2019Arc","volume":"7","author":"Fritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palethnol. Arche\u0301ologie Sci. Hum."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101315081964800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2004.06.005","article-title":"Datations\nU\/Th (TIMS) et 14C (AMS) des stalagmites de la grotte Chauvet (Arde\u0300che,\nFrance): inte\u0301re\u0302t pour la chronologie des e\u0301ve\u0301nements\nnaturels et anthropiques de la grotte","volume":"3","author":"Genty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comptes\nRendus Palevol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315081964800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1251-8050(97)88288-2","article-title":"Comparaison entre les\nlamines luminescentes\net les lamines visibles annuelles de stalagmites","volume":"325","author":"Genty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Acade\u0301mie Sci. - Ser. IIA - Earth Planet. Sci."},{"issue":"G1","key":"2026101315081964800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5802\/crgeos.186","article-title":"Effects of\noxidative weathering on Raman spectra of charcoal and bone chars:\nconsequences in archaeology and paleothermometry","volume":"355","author":"Deldicque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compt. Rendus Ge\u0301osci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101315081964800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(99)00087-6","article-title":"Organic Acid Fluorescence:\nApplications to Speleothem Palaeoenvironmental\nReconstruction","volume":"19","author":"McGarry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702981943112","article-title":"Origin of Limestone Fluorescence","volume":"52","author":"Bezouska","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. 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Geochem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101315081964800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1998)026&lt;0903:HRROSH&gt;2.3.CO;2","article-title":"High-Resolution\nRecords of Soil Humification\nand Paleoclimate Change from Variations in Speleothem Luminescence\nExcitation and Emission Wavelengths","volume":"26","author":"Baker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101315081964800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.28.001349","article-title":"Extension\nof the Kubelka\u2013Munk\nTheory for Fluorescent Turbid Media to a Nonopaque Layer on a Background","volume":"28","author":"Simonot","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315081964800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(96)00047-9","article-title":"Fluorescence Micro-Spectrometry\nof Synthetic and Natural\nHydrocarbon Fluid Inclusions: Crude Oil Chemistry, Density and Application\nto Petroleum Migration","volume":"12","author":"Stasiuk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101315081964800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3719\/4\/18\/032","article-title":"The Radiation-Induced\nIncrease of the 100 C Thermoluminescence Sensitivity of Fired Quartz","volume":"4","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Phys. C: solid State Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315081964800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4487(94)90030-2","article-title":"Annealing Effects on\nthe Thermoluminescence of Synthetic\nCalcite Powder","volume":"23","author":"Pagonis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315081964800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4487(99)00284-X","article-title":"The Effect\nof Heat Treatment on the Thermoluminescence\nof Naturally-Occurring Calcites and Their Use as a Gamma-Ray Dosimeter","volume":"32","author":"Engin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315081964800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-0189(90)90011-L","article-title":"Thermoluminescence\nStudy of Annealing a Geological Calcite","volume":"17","author":"Franklin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315081964800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(91)90115-Z","article-title":"Fluorescence\nof Organic Matter and Thermal Maturity Assessment","volume":"17","author":"Pradier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"2026101315081964800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/00357529.1972.11763582","article-title":"The Luminescence\nof Calcite","volume":"47","author":"Northup","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rocks Miner."},{"issue":"362","key":"2026101315081964800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2017.222","article-title":"Illuminating the\nCave, Drawing in Black: Wood Charcoal Analysis at Chauvet-Pont d\u2019Arc","volume":"92","author":"The\u0301ry-Parisot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101315081964800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.02.002","article-title":"Variability\nin Oxidative Degradation\nof Charcoal: Influence of Production Conditions and Environmental\nExposure","volume":"75","author":"Ascough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05061","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/40\/60980\/68701548\/acsomega.6c05061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/40\/60980\/68701548\/acsomega.6c05061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:50:31Z","timestamp":1791921031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/40\/60980\/5441766\/In-Situ-Ultraviolet-Fluorescence-Spectroscopy-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}}}