{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:10:19Z","timestamp":1790698219508,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006108","name":"Kult?rna a Edukacn? Grantov? Agent?ra M?VVa? SR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["009UPJ-4\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["009UPJ-4\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"Vedeck? Grantov? Agent?ra M?VVa? 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Lichens, historically used to treat parasitic infections, represent a promising natural resource. This study evaluated eight lichen extracts and 17 metabolites against the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (wild-type strain N2). Extracts of Hypogymnia physodes, Nephroma arcticum, and Stereocaulon grande showed significant efficacy, while Sphaerophorus fragilis and Ophioparma ventosa caused 100% nematode mortality on day 11 (at 25 and 100 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively). Chemical workup of S. fragilis yielded squamatic acid, sphaerophorin, and its monocyclic degradation products. Among the tested compounds, the depside sphaerophorin exhibited the highest nematocidal activity (LC50 = 22.07 \u03bcM), followed by divaricatic acid (LC50 = 77.27 \u03bcM). Physodic acid (LC50 &amp;gt; 200 \u03bcM) and evernic acid showed moderate effects. Sphaerophorin and divaricatic acid demonstrated moderate to low selectivity, generally exhibiting lower cytotoxicity toward human CCD-18Co cells (CC50 values of 88.5 \u03bcM and 91.7 \u03bcM, respectively) than toward nematodes. Given a panel of 17 structurally related compounds, we conducted a structure\u2013activity relationship (SAR) analysis to identify molecular patterns associated with observed nematocidal activity. The analysis suggested the importance of the intact depside structure together with the presence of aliphatic chains and a carboxylic group, as isolated monocyclic fragments lacked antinematode efficacy. This first report on the nematocidal activity of H. physodes, N. arcticum, S. grande, and S. fragilis extracts, alongside evernic acid, physodic acid, and sphaerophorin, against the model organism C. elegans identifies them as promising scaffolds that warrant further investigation against parasitic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:01:11Z","timestamp":1789693271000},"page":"57213-57221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lichens as a Source of Nematocidal Compounds: Identification\nof Sphaerophorin and Divaricatic Acid Active against\n                    <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3279-2148","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Frena\u0301k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pavol Jozef S\u030cafa\u0301rik University , , Ma\u0301nesova 1889\/23 , ,","place":["Kos\u030cice, Slovakia, 040 01"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Vanekova\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna , , Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, 1090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Lager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna , , Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, 1090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikto\u0301ria","family":"Medvecova\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pavol Jozef S\u030cafa\u0301rik University , , Trieda SNP 1 , ,","place":["Kos\u030cice, Slovakia, 040 11"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2454-5799","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Kello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pavol Jozef S\u030cafa\u0301rik University , , Trieda SNP 1 , ,","place":["Kos\u030cice, Slovakia, 040 11"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-0774","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Judith M.","family":"Rollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna , , Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, 1090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9517-158X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michal","family":"Goga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pavol Jozef S\u030cafa\u0301rik University , , Ma\u0301nesova 1889\/23 , ,","place":["Kos\u030cice, Slovakia, 040 01"]},{"name":"Pavol Jozef S\u030cafa\u0301rik University , , Trieda SNP 457\/1 , ,","place":["Kos\u030cice, Slovakia, 040 11"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4178986","article-title":"Probiotics\nfor the control of helminth zoonosis","volume":"2018","author":"Reda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet.\nMed"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of\ninfection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections\nin 2010","volume":"7","author":"Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911093006000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-7719.1000126","article-title":"Ascariasis: public health importance and its status in Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Hadush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Air Water Borne Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092911093006000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.15406\/mojwh.2018.07.00167","article-title":"Comparison of occurrence of intestinal\nparasites in children less than 16 years of age between rural and\nurban hospitals in Zambia in 2017","volume":"7","author":"Mwanakasale","year":"2018","journal-title":"MOJ. Women\u2019s\nHealth"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092911093006000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10081148","article-title":"Global research\non plant nematodes","volume":"10","author":"Mesa-Valle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092911093006000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030426","article-title":"Plant-based\nnatural products for\nthe discovery and development of novel anthelmintics against nematodes","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-9605-4_25","article-title":"Drug resistance in helminth parasites: role of plant-based\nnatural therapeutics","volume-title":"Natural Product Based\nDrug Discovery Against Human Parasites: opportunities and Challenges","author":"Kapinder","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13374-4_2","article-title":"Lichens used\nin traditional medicine","volume-title":"Lichen Secondary\nMetabolites: bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential","author":"Crawford","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit9","first-page":"316","volume-title":"An Enumeration of\nChinese Materia Medica","author":"Hu","year":"1999","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit10","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Illustrated Medicinal\nLichens of China","author":"Wang","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit11","volume-title":"Flora Medica","author":"Lindley","year":"1838"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit12","unstructured":"Lebail, J. B. E. F.\n          \n          Des lichens,\nconside\u0301re\u0301s sous le point de vue e\u0301conomique, me\u0301dical,\net physiologique (nutrition); M.D. Thesis, Faculte\u0301 de me\u0301decine de Paris, France, 1853."},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit13","first-page":"509","article-title":"Lichen substances","volume-title":"Methods in Plant Biochemistry","author":"Culberson","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96397-6_57","article-title":"Lichen\nmetabolites: an overview of some secondary metabolites and their biological\npotential","volume-title":"Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites","author":"Goga","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911093006000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010087","article-title":"Anticancer potential of lichens\u2019 secondary metabolites","volume":"10","author":"Sola\u0301rova\u0301","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104283","article-title":"A comprehensive review on secondary\nmetabolites and health-promoting effects of edible lichen","volume":"80","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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Drugs Drug Resist"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2026092911093006000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2254-0131","article-title":"Application\nof 3Rs in Caenorhabditis elegans research for the identification of health-promoting\nnatural products","volume":"90","author":"Redl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911093006000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69186-6","article-title":"A robust\nand miniaturized screening platform to study\nnatural products affecting metabolism and survival in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"10","author":"Zwirchmayr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026092911093006000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7485","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8485","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for anthelmintic discovery","volume":"6","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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