{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:01:11Z","timestamp":1791302471149,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE00000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The development of antibacterial cotton textiles is of considerable interest for applications in healthcare, hygiene, and protective materials, where limiting microbial proliferation on fibrous surfaces is essential. However, many of the finishing strategies currently reported for cotton rely on metal-based agents or multifunctional synthetic systems, which may raise concerns about environmental impact, uncontrolled release, and long-term durability. In this context, the use of naturally derived bioactive compounds, combined with surface activation methods, represents a promising route toward more sustainable antimicrobial coatings. In this study, cotton fabrics were functionalized with a commercial biobased acrylic resin that contained increasing amounts of rosmarinic acid, a plant-derived polyphenol with recognized antimicrobial activity. The effect of oxygen plasma pretreatment was investigated to assess whether surface activation could improve coating distribution, interfacial adhesion, and functional performance. Resin films and coated fabrics were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy, while antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results showed that plasma pretreatment promoted a more homogeneous distribution of the coating on cotton and qualitatively supported a more effective organization of the resin-based functional layer. The incorporation of rosmarinic acid modified the thermal behavior of the resin, indicating reduced chain mobility and more importantly the occurrence of interaction with the polymer matrix. The coated fabrics displayed marked antibacterial activity against S. aureus, whereas the effect against E. coli was more strongly dependent on rosmarinic acid content and coating uniformity. Overall, the study demonstrates that combining plasma surface activation with a biobased resin containing rosmarinic acid is a viable strategy for preparing metal-free antibacterial cotton coatings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:01:52Z","timestamp":1790161312000},"page":"59281-59295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial Coatings\non Cotton Fabrics Based on\nRosmarinic Acid-Loaded Bio-Based Resin and Oxygen-Plasma Surface Pretreatment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4179-4962","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norma","family":"Mallegni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa , Via Moruzzi 1 , ,","place":["Pisa, Italy, 56124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Facchiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (CNR-STIIMA) , Corso Giuseppe Pella 16 , ,","place":["Biella, Italy, 13900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Coiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa , Via Moruzzi 1 , ,","place":["Pisa, Italy, 56124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cicogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa , Via Moruzzi 1 , ,","place":["Pisa, Italy, 56124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Spiniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa , Via Moruzzi 1 , ,","place":["Pisa, Italy, 56124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randa","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa , , Largo L. Lazzarino 1 , ,","place":["Pisa, Italy, 56122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0604-4453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Rosace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergamo , , Viale Marconi 5 , , ,","place":["Dalmine, BG, Italy, 24044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4459-5742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valentina","family":"Trovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergamo , , Viale Marconi 5 , , ,","place":["Dalmine, BG, Italy, 24044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4670-5586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Vineis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (CNR-STIIMA) , Corso Giuseppe Pella 16 , ,","place":["Biella, Italy, 13900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Caporali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence , , Via S. Marta 3 , ,","place":["Florence, Italy, 50139"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5006-2531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisa","family":"Passaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa , Via Moruzzi 1 , ,","place":["Pisa, Italy, 56124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610495929300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03826-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial\ntextile: recent developments\nand functional perspective","volume":"79","author":"Gulati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"2026100610495929300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2021.01.011","article-title":"Plasma-Assisted Antimicrobial Finishing\nof Textiles: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Naebe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610495929300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12772","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c11356","article-title":"Advancements in\nAntimicrobial Textiles: Fabrication, Mechanisms of Action, and Applications","volume":"10","author":"Orasugh","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610495929300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40691-021-00285-2","article-title":"Comfort related woven\nfabric transmission properties made of cotton\nand nylon","volume":"9","author":"Adamu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fashion Text."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100610495929300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-04015-y","article-title":"Cotton-based\nhealth care textile:\na mini review","volume":"79","author":"Shahriari-Khalaji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"2026100610495929300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.12.010","article-title":"Comparative\nevaluation of antimicrobials\nfor textile applications","volume":"53","author":"Windler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610495929300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c04203","article-title":"Antimicrobial\nFinishing of Metals, Metal Oxides, and Metal Composites on Textiles:\nA Systematic Review","volume":"61","author":"Bhandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. 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Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100610495929300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17111482","article-title":"Enhancing\nthe Performance of PLA Nonwoven Fabrics Through Plasma Treatments\nfor Superior Active-Molecule Retention","volume":"17","author":"Mallegni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610495929300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00513-7","article-title":"Rosmarinic\nacid","volume":"62","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610495929300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103292","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review\nof Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to\nPharmacology and Its New Insight","volume":"27","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610495929300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104243","article-title":"Application of Rosmarinic\nAcid with Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Microbial Pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Kernou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026100610495929300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.11.050","article-title":"Rosmarinic\nacid\u2013Modes of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of a\ncommon plant polyphenol","volume":"146","author":"Ivanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610495929300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2019.09.010","article-title":"Compatibility study of rosmarinic acid with\nexcipients used in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms using thermal\nand non-thermal techniques","volume":"27","author":"Veras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"2026100610495929300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85204-3.00034-8","article-title":"Plasma Treatment for Sustainable\nFunctionalization of Textiles","volume-title":"Green Chemistry\nfor Sustainable Textiles. Modern Design and Approaches","author":"Haji","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026100610495929300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtsust.2025.101273","article-title":"Plasma-treated conductive\ntextile advancements in coating and functional properties: A review","volume":"33","author":"Ketema","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. 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Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610495929300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-MR-2016-0058","article-title":"Influence\nof Stacking Sequence on the Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties\nof Cotton\/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites","volume":"19","author":"Portella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610495929300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2004.08.005","article-title":"Characterization\nof cotton fabric scouring by FT-IR\nATR spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"CHUNG","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610495929300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2013.0157","article-title":"In situ\nsynthesis of silver nanoparticles\nonto cotton fibres modified with plasma treatment and acrylic acid\ngrafting","volume":"8","author":"Haji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Micro Nano Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610495929300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-011-9498-y","article-title":"Physical\nand chemical analysis of\nplasma-treated cotton fabric subjected to wrinkle-resistant finishing","volume":"18","author":"Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2026100610495929300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2018.03.009","article-title":"Plasma treatment on cotton fabrics\nto enhance the adhesion of Reduced Graphene Oxide for electro-conductive\nproperties","volume":"84","author":"Vinisha Rani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diamond Relat. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610495929300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-008-9693-8","article-title":"Thermal stability\nand degradation\nkinetic study of white and colored cotton fibers by thermogravimetric\nanalysis","volume":"97","author":"Corradini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610495929300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.ms.22.3.9368","article-title":"Examining\nthe Effects of Oxygen Plasma on Physical and Dyeing Properties of\nSome Cellulose Fibers","volume":"22","author":"Kocak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610495929300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33687-2","article-title":"Cellulose defibrillation and functionalization\nby plasma in liquid treatment","volume":"8","author":"Vizireanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610495929300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1078\/0176-1617-01099","article-title":"Fourier transform\ninfrared spectroscopy as a new tool to determine rosmarinic acid in\nsitu","volume":"161","author":"Stehfest","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610495929300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1021\/jf305520m","article-title":"Direct Determination of Rosmarinic\nAcid in Lamiaceae Herbs Using Diffuse Reflectance\nInfrared Fourier\nTransform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Chemometrics","volume":"61","author":"Saltas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100610495929300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2004.05.043","article-title":"Thermal\nproperties, miscibility and specific interactions\nin comparison of linear and star poly(methyl methacrylate) blend with\nphenolic","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610495929300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-023-03766-8","article-title":"Quantitatively\nevaluation of the\nhydrogen bonding effects on the thermal properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)\/tea\npolyphenols composites","volume":"30","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. 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