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This study combined time-resolved gas and water monitoring from Well M, CO2 pressurization experiments with carbonate bearing drill cuttings and pilot scale treatment to link water quality evolution with fit-for-purpose process design. During flowback, total mineralization increased from 34502.17 to 324236.66 mg\/L, pH decreased from 6.56 to 4.17, and Cl\u2013 and Ca2+ increased from 20121.26 to 199918.01 mg\/L and from 3191.37 to 38216.28 mg\/L, respectively. Mg2+ reached 6059.27 mg\/L, while total organic carbon decreased from 5053.62 to about 1200 mg\/L but remained persistent in late flowback. The enrichment of Cl\u2013 and \u03a3Na+ + K+ indicated an increasing formation derived brine contribution, while pressurized tests confirmed that dissolved CO2 promoted Ca2+ release from carbonate bearing solids. In pilot operation, alkaline oxidation removed iron ions to below the detection limit and shifted most Mg2+ removal upstream. CO2 microbubble softening converted residual Ca2+ into crystalline CaCO3, and crossflow ceramic membrane filtration removed the generated carbonate particles. The final effluents contained no detectable suspended solids or iron ions, with Ca2+ of 75.15 and 57.62 mg\/L and Mg2+ of 12.16 and 31.30 mg\/L in two treatment batches. The integrated process reduced hardness and scaling risk while retaining the dissolved salt matrix, providing a selective treatment route for internal oilfield reuse of saline coalbed methane fracturing flowback fluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T09:57:28Z","timestamp":1787392648000},"page":"51510-51529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water Quality Evolution-Guided\nPilot-Scale Hardness\nControl of Saline Coalbed Methane Fracturing Flowback Fluids"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3502-1552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710065"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710065"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denghai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307193156800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2024.104683","article-title":"Coalbed Gas: A Review of Research Directions from the Past to the\nFuture as Facilitated by Bibliometrics","volume":"298","author":"Flores","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. 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