{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:12:54Z","timestamp":1790093574294,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2021-03951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2021-03951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MXenes are a recently discovered family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal-based nanomaterials, known for their compositional diversity, exceptional tunability, structural versatility, and surface functionality. Beyond their well-established application in energy storage, MXenes have attracted growing interest for their promising role in regenerative biomedicine, particularly in antimicrobial and immune engineering applications. Recent studies, including contributions from our group, demonstrate that MXenes exhibit unique interactions with immune cells and associated immunosuppressive functions. Notably, MXene nanosheets and derived quantum dots can be tailored to modulate key immunosuppressive mechanisms, including the enhancement of regulatory T-cells (Tregs), reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, macrophages modulation and autophagy induction. These findings position MXenes as potential next-generation platform for immunomodulatory therapy, either as standalone agents or in combination with existing immunosuppressants. In this perspective, we systematically examine how physiochemical parameters including size, dimension, morphology, surface chemistry, and functionalization govern their interactions with innate and adaptive system. We highlight recent advances in MXene-mediated immunomodulation, paving a roadmap for further investigations, by identifying key knowledge gaps and translational challenges. We further outline future research directions necessary to bridge the divide between experimental studies, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization\/predictive approaches, and clinical applications of MXene-based immunotherapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:01:37Z","timestamp":1789146097000},"page":"54782-54792","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MXenes at the Immune\nInterface: A Perspective on Influence\nof Physicochemical Design in Immunomodulation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Rafieerad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba Faculty of Health Sciences , , ,","place":["Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena Regi","family":"Saleth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba Faculty of Health Sciences , , ,","place":["Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2664-7633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanjiv","family":"Dhingra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba Faculty of Health Sciences , , ,","place":["Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"37","key":"2026092210562451500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306","article-title":"Two-Dimensional\nNanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026092210562451500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8767","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.3c02491","article-title":"The Future\nof MXenes","volume":"35","author":"Gogotsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2025.101433","article-title":"MXenes and Its Composite\nStructures: Synthesis, Properties, Applications, 3D\/4D Printing, and\nArtificial Intelligence; Machine Learning Integration","volume":"152","author":"Dananjaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.01.035","article-title":"MXenes as\nEmerging\nMaterials to Repair Electroactive Tissues and Organs","volume":"48","author":"Alagarsamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210562451500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406324","article-title":"Periodic Table of Immunomodulatory\nElements and Derived\nTwo-Dimensional Biomaterials","volume":"12","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210562451500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10419","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06014","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Ti3C2MXene for High-Resolution\nNeural Interfaces","volume":"12","author":"Driscoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210562451500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201318","article-title":"Wearable High-Density\nMXene-Bioelectronics\nfor Neuromuscular Diagnostics, Rehabilitation, and Assistive Technologies","volume":"7","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026092210562451500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11785","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR04853A","article-title":"MXenes in Healthcare:\nTransformative Applications and Challenges in Medical Diagnostics\nand Therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Alagarsamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"46","key":"2026092210562451500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40077","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b13421","article-title":"Surface Modified\nTi3 C2 MXene Nanosheets for Tumor Targeting\nPhotothermal\/Photodynamic\/Chemo Synergistic Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092210562451500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701394","article-title":"2D Ultrathin MXene-Based\nDrug-Delivery Nanoplatform for Synergistic\nPhotothermal Ablation and Chemotherapy of Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026092210562451500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20265","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c01632","article-title":"Surface-Engineered\nTitanium Carbide MXenzyme Boosts ROS-Scavenging\nand Anti-Inflammation Activities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102202","article-title":"Ultra-High\nAntioxidant, Anti-Apoptosis and pro-Angiogenesis Effect of Mo2C Nanosheets\nfor Treatment of Diabetic Wounds","volume":"55","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"issue":"6547","key":"2026092210562451500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf1581","article-title":"The World\nof Two-Dimensional Carbides\nand Nitrides (MXenes)","volume":"372","author":"VahidMohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2022.101706","article-title":"Immunoengineered\nMXene Nanosystem for Mitigation of\nAlloantigen Presentation and Prevention of Transplant Vasculopathy","volume":"48","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026092210562451500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900569","article-title":"Application of Ti3C2MXene\nQuantum\nDots for Immunomodulation and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"46","key":"2026092210562451500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202106786","article-title":"Fabrication\nof Smart\nTantalum Carbide MXene Quantum Dots with Intrinsic Immunomodulatory\nProperties for Treatment of Allograft Vasculopathy","volume":"31","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026092210562451500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10764","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b02158","article-title":"Stealth Effect of Biomolecular Corona\non Nanoparticle\nUptake by Immune Cells","volume":"31","author":"Caracciolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.126518","article-title":"The Nanoparticle\nProtein Corona Impacts Interactions with Monocytes and Macrophages","volume":"690","author":"Lins","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104214","article-title":"Covalently Grafting\nMultihydroxy\nHyperbranched Polymer on the Surface of Ti3C2Tx MXene with Remarkably\nEnhanced Colloidal Stability and Functionality for Photothermal Therapy","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210562451500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR08548D","article-title":"Investigation\nof Interaction between MXene Nanosheets and Human Plasma and Protein\nCorona Composition","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169227","article-title":"Cellular Uptake\nand Cytotoxicity of PEGylated MXene Nanomaterials Mediated by Protein\nCorona","volume":"912","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.160108","article-title":"A Comprehensive\nStudy on the Surface Property Changes\nof Antibodies on Interacting with Ti3C2Tx, V2CTx, or Mo2TiC2Tx MXenes","volume":"666","author":"Rethinasabapathy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103440","article-title":"Sweet-MXene Hydrogel with Mixed-Dimensional\nComponents\nfor Biomedical Applications","volume":"101","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav.\nBiomed. Mater."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026092210562451500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202100015","article-title":"Development of Fluorine-Free\nTantalum\nCarbide MXene Hybrid Structure as a Biocompatible Material for Supercapacitor\nElectrodes","volume":"31","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210562451500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202108495","article-title":"Conversion\nof 2D MXene to Multi-Low-Dimensional GerMXene Superlattice Heterostructure","volume":"32","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202521057","article-title":"Germanane\nQuantum Dots Promote Metabolic Reprogramming of Immune Cells Toward\nRegulatory T Cells and Suppress Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"36","author":"Srivastava","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.109091","article-title":"Bioactive and Trackable MXene Quantum\nDots for Subcellular Nanomedicine Applications","volume":"196","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092210562451500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12290","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00933","article-title":"A Conductive and Adhesive Hydrogel Composed of MXene\nNanoflakes as a Paintable Cardiac Patch for Infarcted Heart Repair","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148791","article-title":"Injectable MXene Conductive\nHydrogel Improves Myocardial Infarction through Scavenging ROS and\nRepairing Myocardium Electrical Integrity","volume":"481","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. J."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2025.214564","article-title":"Fibrous Cardiac\nPatches Incorporating Mxene and Decellularized Pericardium Enhance\nMyocardial Repair in Infarcted Rats","volume":"180","author":"Fattahi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater.\nAdv."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026092210562451500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202420189","article-title":"Plaque-Targeted\nDelivery of Fluoride-Free MXene Nanozyme for Alleviating\nAtherosclerosis via Sonocatalytic Therapy","volume":"37","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102556","article-title":"Intelligent Responsive PVA Hydrogel Loaded with Composite MXene Nanozyme\nEnables Efficient Myocardial Infarction Repair by Disrupting the Oxidative\nStress\u2013Inflammation Cascade","volume":"35","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today\nBio"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2021.101136","article-title":"2D MXenes with Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties:\nA Pilot Study against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"38","author":"Unal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210562451500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202300044","article-title":"Low Dose of Ti3C2MXene Quantum Dots\nMitigate SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"7","author":"Yilmazer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026092210562451500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202205154","article-title":"Immune\nProfiling and Multiplexed\nLabel-Free Detection of 2D MXenes by Mass Cytometry and High-Dimensional\nImaging","volume":"34","author":"Fusco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210562451500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202300197","article-title":"V4C3MXene Immune\nProfiling and Modulation of T Cell-Dendritic Cell Function and Interaction","volume":"7","author":"Fusco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210562451500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12050828","article-title":"Safety Assessment of 2D MXenes: In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026092210562451500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34883","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c05337","article-title":"Ti3 C2 T x MXene Nanosheets:\nBridging High-Performance Energy Storage and Comprehensive In Vivo\nBiocompatibility Assessment","volume":"18","author":"Ali","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater.\nInterfaces"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092210562451500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71055","article-title":"Opinion: Gavage Administration of\nMXene as a Route-Specific Alternative to Intravenous Injection into\nthe Bloodstream of Laboratory Animals for Reducing Systemic Nanotoxicity\nRisks in Immunosuppression and Post-Transplantation Models with Bile\nAcid Modification","volume":"15","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210562451500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00154","article-title":"Cytocompatibility of\nTi3 C2 Tx MXene\nwith Red Blood Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and\nthe Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026092210562451500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00239C","article-title":"MXene-Based Composites in Smart Wound Healing and Dressings","volume":"6","author":"Zarepour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210562451500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00931B","article-title":"An Overview\nof the Use of Non-Titanium MXenes for Photothermal Therapy and Their\nCombinatorial Approaches for Cancer Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Rahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210562451500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB01904K","article-title":"Non-Ti\nMXenes: New Biocompatible and Biodegradable Candidates for Biomedical\nApplications","volume":"13","author":"Gayathri","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102285","article-title":"Spatial Transcriptomics\nReveals the Interplay between Cancer and Immune Cells Directed by\nMXene Quantum Dots","volume":"56","author":"Ceylan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2023.100733","article-title":"Photothermal Regulation of Macrophage\nPolarization with 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene\nNanosheets for Enhanced Immunomodulatory\nOsteogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210562451500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201862","article-title":"Bioactive MXene Promoting Angiogenesis\nand Skeletal Muscle Regeneration through Regulating M2 Polarization\nand Oxidation Stress","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210562451500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404015","article-title":"Regulation of T Cell Glycosylation\nby MXene\/\u03b2-TCP Nanocomposite for Enhanced Mandibular Bone Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026092210562451500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-023-09191-y","article-title":"MXenes-Based Photothermal\nHydrogels for Macrophage Polarization Regulation via Heat-Shock Protein","volume":"58","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210562451500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c10575","article-title":"Artificial Nonenzymatic\nAntioxidant MXene Nanosheet-Anchored Injectable Hydrogel as a Mild\nPhotothermal-Controlled Oxygen Release Platform for Diabetic Wound\nHealing","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210562451500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500260","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Bone and Soft Tissue\nChronic Inflammation Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210562451500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.130240","article-title":"Photothermal-Driven Multifunctional\nInjectable Hydrogel Platform for Promoting Diabetic Bone Defect Repair\nthrough Synergistic Immunomodulation and Bone Homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210562451500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smaim.2024.10.002","article-title":"Bioactive MXene Hydrogel Promotes\nStructural and Functional Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle through\nImproving Autophagy and Muscle Innervation","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210562451500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1039\/D5BM01202C","article-title":"Ultrasound-Powered\nMXene Hydrogels for Enhancing Tumor Inhibition and Immune Stimulation\nby the Piezoelectric Effect","volume":"14","author":"Ambigaibalan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210562451500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-025-01007-7","article-title":"Meta-Analyses\nof the Evolution of MXene Synthesis for Bioengineering and Artificial\nIntelligence-Driven Applications","volume":"6","author":"Saleth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.100864","article-title":"Recent Advances\nin Machine Learning\nApplications for MXene Materials: Design, Synthesis, Characterization,\nand Commercialization for Energy and Environmental Applications","volume":"8","author":"Kareem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210562451500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-025-00529-5","article-title":"First-Principles\nand Machine-Learning Approaches for Interpreting and Predicting the\nProperties of MXenes","volume":"9","author":"Gouveia","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108965","article-title":"From Prediction to Design: Recent\nAdvances in Machine Learning for\nthe Study of 2D Materials","volume":"118","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210562451500_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207757","article-title":"Perspectives\nof 2D MXene Tribology","volume":"35","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210562451500_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66902-4","article-title":"Real-Time Tracking\nof Structural Evolution in 2D MXenes\nUsing Theory-Enhanced Machine Learning","volume":"14","author":"Hollenbach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026092210562451500_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-026-12742-8","article-title":"Recent Progress in Density Functional\nTheory and Machine\nLearning for Predicting MXene Properties","volume":"61","author":"Hjiri","year":"2026","journal-title":"J.\nMater. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.09.038","article-title":"Biocompatibility and Immunomodulation\nof MXenes for Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Agents and Drugs","volume":"55","author":"Ramezani Farani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092210562451500_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12111797","article-title":"Synthesis, Toxicity\nAssessment, Environmental and Biomedical Applications of MXenes: A\nReview","volume":"12","author":"Vasyukova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210562451500_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EN01239J","article-title":"Ecotoxicological\nAssessment of Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Using a Zebrafish Embryo Model","volume":"5","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210562451500_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01809-2","article-title":"Roles of MXenes\nin Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments and Prospects","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210562451500_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202300338","article-title":"Potential Biosafety\nof Mxenes: Stability, Biodegradability,\nToxicity and Biocompatibility","volume":"24","author":"Dmytriv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210562451500_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01313-z","article-title":"Exposure to Two-Dimensional Ultrathin\nTi3C2 (MXene) Nanosheets during Early Pregnancy Impairs Neurodevelopment\nof Offspring in Mice","volume":"20","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026092210562451500_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112033","article-title":"Mo-Based Mo2Ti2C3MXene\nas Photothermal Nanoagents to Eradicating Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus with Photothermal Therapy","volume":"231","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092210562451500_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS01024D","article-title":"MXenes in\nHealthcare: Synthesis, Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"54","author":"Babar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210562451500_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202300268","article-title":"Preclinical\nToxicity Assessment of Ti-Based MXene Nanomaterials for Advanced Theranostic\nApplications","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05386","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/37\/54782\/68487889\/acsomega.6c05386.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/37\/54782\/68487889\/acsomega.6c05386.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:44:02Z","timestamp":1790091842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/37\/54782\/5428658\/MXenes-at-the-Immune-Interface-A-Perspective-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05386","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}